Well Completion and StimulationChapter5WellCompletionEquipmentWord文档格式.docx
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Well Completion and StimulationChapter5WellCompletionEquipmentWord文档格式.docx
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∙tubingaccessoriesand
∙Wellheadandwellheadequipment.
Operatingprinciples,functionsandlimitationsassociatedwitheachequipmentsystemarepresentedinthischapter.
Fig.5.1:
Typicalwellcompletionwithtubingaccessories.
5.1Packers
Theprimarypurposeofapackeristoprovideananchor(support)forthetubing,sothattheverticalmovementofthetubingisprevented.Additionalfunctionsofthepackerinclude:
∙provideasealbetweenthetubingandcasingannulargapaswellastoisolatetheannulusfromproducingfluidandpressure,
∙allowcirculationbetweentubingandcasing-tubingannulustokillawellandavoidbullheading,
∙allowisolationofindividualproducingzones,
∙allowinstallationofartificiallifttechniquesand
∙facilitatewellservicing(includingtreating)workoveroperationsandwellstimulationactivities
Inordertoperformtheabovefunctions,allpackershavethreebasicelements:
1.cones
2.slips
3.packingmaterial
AsdescribedinFig5.2,apairofconesisusedtodrivetaperedslips.Theseslipsareforcedoutontothecasingtoprovideananchor.Thesealingelement,whichinmostcasesismadeofsyntheticrubberelement,isalsosqueezedoutandontothecasingthusprovidinganeffectivesealinginthecasing-tubingannulus.Basedonthisprinciplethreebasictypesofpackersareinuse:
∙mechanicalsetpacker,
∙hydraulicsetpackerand
∙permanentpackers.
Fig.5.2:
Basicelementsofpackers
5.1.1Mechanicalsetpackers
Mechanicalpackersaresetbyapplyingmechanicalforcesviatubing.Mechanicalsetpackerscanbesubclassifiedaccordingtothewaytheforceisproducedandapplied.Theyinclude:
∙weightsetpackers,
∙tensionsetpackersand
∙rotationsetpackers.
WEIGHTSETPACKERS
AtypicalweightsetpackerispresentedinFig.5.3.Theweightofthetubingisusedtodrivetheslipsviathecone.
Theslipsareattachedtoasetofblockswhichareheldbyashearpin(bolt).Thefrictionfromtheblocksassistsinthesettingoftheslips.Asfurtherweightfromthetubingisapplied,theconedrivestheslipsoutwardwhichforcestheslipshardagainstthecasing.Atthesametime,theupperpartoftheconecompressestherubberelementandcausesittoexpandagainstthecasingthussealingthecasing-tubingannulus.
Apackerisretrievedbyapplyingadditionalweightcausingtheshearpintoclip.Asthepinshearsoff,itreleasestheforceontheslips.Thepackercannowberetrievedbyanupstrainpull.
Fig.5.3:
Basicelementofweightsetpackers
Becausethepackersaresetbyusingtubingweight,thepreferenceistousethisremovalprocessinstraightandrelativelyshallowandlowpressurewells.Withtheuseofhydraulicholddowndeviceitsapplicationcanbeextendedtomoderatedifferentialpressure.
TENSIONSETPACKERS
Theworkingprinciplesofatensionsetpackeristhesameastheweightsetpackerexceptthatthetensileforceisappliedviathetubinginordertosetthepacker.
Tensionsetpackersareusuallydeployedinshallowwellswheremoderatedifferentialpressureisexpected.Theyarebestsuitedforinjectionwellsandwellswhichareplannedforstimulation.
ROTATIONSETPACKERS
Thepackerissetbyapplyingrotationviatubing(seeFig.5.4).Threadsarecut(inoppositedirection,leftandright)ontheinnermandrel.Uponrotation,lowerandupperconesaremovedtowardseachothercausingthesliptomoveoutwardandontothecasing.Thesealelementisalsocompressedtoexpandradiallyastheouterconeispulledbytheactionofrotation.
Fig.5.4:
Basicelementsofrotationsetpackers.
Asrotationpackersrelyontheturningstrengthoftubing,itissuitableforshallowtomediumdeepstraightwells.Oneadvantageofthispackeristhatunseatingofpackerduetotubingcontractionorelongationcanbeavoided.
5.1.2HydraulicSetPackers
Packersusethefluidpressuretodrivetheconebehindtheslipstosetagainstthecasingwall.Somepackersutilizehydraulicpressuretoinflatethesealingelement.Hencethetwomostcommonpackersinclude:
∙cone-sliptypehydraulicpackerand
∙inflatablepacker.
CONE-SLIPTYPEHYDRAULICPACKERS
Similartomechanicalpackerhydraulicpackershavecone,slipandasealelement.AsshowninFig5.5,thelowerpartoftheinnermandrelhasaseatincludingashearpintoarrestaball.Drillingorcompletionfluidispumpedthroughtheinnermandreltocreatefluidpressure.Oncetheinnerpressureexceedsacertainvalue,avalveontheinnermandrelopenstoallowfluidtoenterandpressurisethepiston.Thepistondrivestheconebehindtheslip.Atthesametimethepistonalsocompressestherubberelement.Additionalinnerslipswithshearpinsareprovidedinordertoholdthepackerinsetposition.
Applicationofanadditionalhydraulicpressurecausestheshearpinofthesealingballtobreakaway,allowingtheballtodropattherathole.
Fig.5.5:
Functionalelementsofcone-sliptypehydraulicpackers.
Mosthydraulicsetpackersarereleasedbymonitoringtherotationoftubing.
Hydraulicsetpackersareusedinhighpressurewellsasthepackersettingdoesnotrequireatubingmovement.Itisalsobestsuitedfordeviatedwells.Also,multiplecompletionstringscanberunandsetsimultaneously.
INFLATABLEPACKERS
Inflatablepackersuseflexiblesealelementswhich,underfluidpressure,inflateagainstcasingoropenhole.ThepackersettingprocessisdescribedinFig.5.6.Aballisdroppedwhichiscontainedataballseatlocatedinthebottomoftheinnermandrel.Uponapplicationofhydraulicpressure,theinnermandrelmovesdownwardallowingthefluidinletporttoopen.Now,fluidenterstheinflatablechambercausingtherubberelementtoexpandagainstthecasingoropenhole.Whenfurtherfluidpressureisappliedtheshearpinattheballseatbreaksaway,thuslettingdroppingtotherathole.Assoonasthepressureinsidetheinnermandreldropsthespringofthevalveabovetheinflatablepressurechambermovestoclosetheportwhichtrapsthepressureinsidethechamber.
Toreleasethepacker,theinnermandrelispulledupwardwhichhasslotsalongtheaxisofthemandrel.Theslotconnectsthepressurechamberwiththeborehole,thusreleasingthepressure.
Fig.5.6:
Functionalelementsofinflatablepackers.
Becauseoftheflexiblesealelement,inflatablepackersarebestsuitableforopenholeorsectionsofholebelowcollapsedcasing.Theyarenotdesignedtooperateathighdifferentialpressuresandthereforetheyarerecommendedforspecializedapplications,e.g.welltesting,cementing,lowpressurezonalisolationetc.Aspecialapplication(belowacollapsedcasing)ispresentedinFig.5.7.
Fig.5.7:
Inflatablepackersetbelowacollapsedcasing
5.1.3Permanentpackers
Permanentpackershavethesameconstructionasthemechanicalpackersexceptthatitissetbyhighpressure.Permanentpackersonceset,arelockedinplaceanddonotmoveineitherdirection(upwardordownward).Thepackerwithitsadapterandpressuresettingassemblyareconnectedtoanelectricwirelineonthetubingwithelectriccordandrunintheholetothesettingdepth(seeFig.5.8).
Fig.5.8:
Basicelementsofpermanentpackers
Thepressuresettingassemblycomprisesofafiringhead,apressurechambercontaininggunpowder,upperandlowerpistonsseparatedbyahydraulicchamber,drivingpistonrodandthesettingmandrel.Thesettingmandrelisattachedtothemainpackerbodyviaanadapterkit.
Whenthecharge(gunpowder)isignitedthroughthefiringheadatremendouslyhighpressureisgeneratedwhichistransferredtothesettingmandrelviathepistonsandpistonrod.Oncethepackerisset,thesettingassemblyisfreedfromthepackerbybreakingashearpin.FunctionalelementsofthesettingmandrelarepresentedinFig.5.9.
Fig.5.9:
Functionalelementsofthesettingmandrel
Differentmanufacturersusedifferentwaysinordertoretrievepermanentpackers.ForadoubleconetypepermanentpackerwhereaJ-slotpullingtoolisrunontubingtoretrievethepacker;
theupwardpullreleasestheslipsfromthecasingwall.
Thesettingdepthofthepermanentpackerscanbepreciselycontrolled.Itcanbesetfasteranddeeperandatahighdifferentialpressure.Itisbestsuitableforhighpressurejobs,liketesting,treating(chemicalinjection,hydraulicfracturingetc)andsqueezecementing.Permanentpackersarealsousedforzonalisolationforpartofacompletionwherethecasingorholehascollapsed.
5.2SubsurfaceandSurfaceFlowControlandSafetyValves
Aspartofdisastermanagementintheoilindustry,atleasttwolinesofprotectionareincorporatedintowellcompletion.Forexample,againstanymishapsorfailureofanyequipment,surfaceandsubsurfacesafetysystemsareusedas1stand2ndlinesofdefense.Thesubsurfacesafetysystemisthemostcriticalindisastermanagementwhichactivatesintheeventofanimminentdisaster.Thedownholesafetysystemconsistsofsafetyvalve,bottomholechokes,regulatorandcheckvalves.
5.2.1Safetyvalves:
Safetyvalvesaredesignedtoplugthetubingatsomepointonthetubingbelowthewellheadwhenthesurfaceflowregulatorsandsafetyvalvesareremovedforrepair/damage/replacement.Tubingsafetyvalvescomeinasballvalves,flappervalveso
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