英文文献兼翻译均等违反对社会困境中合作行为的影响研究.docx
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英文文献兼翻译均等违反对社会困境中合作行为的影响研究.docx
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英文文献兼翻译均等违反对社会困境中合作行为的影响研究
IncreasingCooperationbyBroadeningConstrualsinSocialDilemmas
通过加深对社会困境的理解促进合作行为的发生
文章来源:
EBSCO西文数据库
译者姓名:
何世辉
系别名称:
政治法律系
专业班级:
应用心理学071
学号:
2007714121
IncreasingCooperationbyBroadeningConstrualsinSocialDilemmas
LawrenceJ.Sanna,1,2EdwardC.Chang,3CraigD.Parks,4andLindsayA.Kennedy1
1DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill;2FuquaSchoolofBusiness,DukeUniversity;3DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofMichigan;and4DepartmentofPsychology,WashingtonStateUniversity
Manyofthemostchallengingissuesofsocietyinvolveincreasingthecollectivegood,butpeopleoftenarecaughtbetweencooperatingandcompeting(i.e.,socialdilemmas;Komorita&Parks,1996;Messick&Brewer,1983;Schroeder,1995;Shepperd,1993).Forexample,althoughmostpeopleagreethatcontributingtopublicservices,recyclingwaste,conservingenergy,andrefrainingfromoverharvestingaregreatideas,fewerengageinsuchactivities.Individualscanexploitthecollective.Consider,forexample,fishingtheoceans.Itmaybeprofitableforindividualstomaximizeself-interestsbyharvestingallthefishtheycan.However,ifothersdidthesame,theresourcemightdryup,andallwouldbeworseoff.Ina1968article,Hardinusedtheterm‘‘tragedyofthecommons’’todescribesuchascenario.
Inthestudyreportedhere,wetestedanovel,theoreticallydrivenapproachtofurtheringcooperationinsocialdilemmas.Ourhypothesiswasderivedfromconstrual-leveltheory(CLT;Liberman,Sagristano,&Trope,2002;Trope&Liberman,2003),whichproposesthateventsarementallyrepresentedinglobal,abstract,andsuperordinateform(high-levelconstruals)orinspecific,concrete,andsubordinateform(low-levelconstruals).
Wehypothesizedthathigh-level,relativetolow-level,construalswouldincreasecooperationinsocialdilemmasforseveralinterrelatedreasons.First,insocialdilemmas,selfinterestsarefundamentallycontingentoncollectiveinterests(Kerr&Tindale,2004),whichmakescollectiveslogicallysuperordinate.Becausehigh-levelconstrualsweightsuperordinateconcernsprominently,theymaypromotecollectiveinterests(cooperation).Second,moralprinciplesaremoreabstractthanspecificbehaviors(Eyal,Liberman,&Trope,2008),andthuscooperatingmaybeconstruedmorehighly(e.g.,‘‘conservingtheenvironment’’)thancompeting(e.g.,‘‘takingfromthepool’’).Third,high-levelconstrualsareseenintermsofdesirability,andlow-levelconstrualsintermsoffeasibility(Libermanetal.,2002);thus,cooperation(desirableinsocialdilemmas)maybegreaterwithhigher-levelconstruals.Finally,socialdilemmasinvolveself-control;short-termgainsaresupplantedbylong-termgoals.Peoplehavegreaterself-controlwhenhigh-levelconstrualsareactivated(Fujita,2008).
METHOD
FishingAnalogue
Weusedrobustexperimentalcontrolstoassesschoicesinasocialdilemmaanalogue(Sanna,Parks,&Chang,2003)afterprimingconstrualsusinganunrelatedtask(Freitas,Gollwitzer,&Trope,2004).Eighty-threepsychologystudentsperformedacomputerizedtaskthatmodeledourfishingexample;thegoalwastomakeaprofitwithoutdepletingtheresource.Subjectsweretoldthatalakewasstockedwith100fish,andthatprofitswouldbeconfiscatedifthenumberoffishfellbelow70.Oneachtrial(a‘‘season’’),asubjectcaught15fishandhadtodecidehowmanyfishtokeepforpersonalprofitandhowmanytoreturntorestockthelake.Atableillustratedconsequencesoneachtrial;theseconsequencesfollowedtheequation(5_n)–30,wherenwasthenumberoffishreturned(e.g.,returning8resultedina10-fishincrease).
Ineachseason,a15-fishcatchwasdisplayed.Subjectstypedhowmanytoreturnandhowmanytokeep,enteringtheirresponsesinboxeslabeled‘‘returnfish’’and‘‘keepfish.’’Thenumbersoffishreturnedandfishkepthadtototal15.Atonesignaledwhenresponseswererecorded.Anothertonepurportedlyindicatedwhenthe‘‘othersubject’’responded(infact,therewasnoothersubject).Afterthetones,thefollowingmessagealwaysappeared:
‘‘Therecontinuetobemorethan70fishinthelake.’’Thenumberoffishtaken(profits)waslisted.Fiveseasonswereplayed,butsubjectswerenottoldthisattheoutset.
ConstrualPriming
Beforethefishinganalogue,weprimedhigh-levelconstrualin29subjectsbyaskingthema‘‘why’’questionandprimedlowlevelconstrualin26subjectsbymeansofa‘‘how’’question(Freitasetal.,2004).Thus,duringthehigh-level-construalmanipulation,thetopofthecomputerscreendisplayedthefollowingquestion:
‘‘WhydoImaintaingoodphysicalhealth?
’’Simultaneously,thebottomofthecomputerscreendisplayedthefollowingstatement:
‘‘Maintaingoodphysicalhealth.’’Thequestionandstatementwereconnectedbyfourverticallyalignedboxeswithupward-facingarrowslabeled‘‘why.’’Subjectsfilledintheboxesstartingatthebottomandworkinguptothetop,aprocedurethatwasexpectedtoactivatehigh-levelconstrualmind-sets.
Duringthelow-level-construalmanipulation,thestatement‘‘Maintaingoodphysicalhealth’’appearedatthetopofthecomputerscreenandthequestion‘‘HowdoImaintaingoodphysicalhealth?
’’wasatthebottom.Betweenthestatementandquestionwerefourverticallyalignedboxeswithdownwardfacingarrowslabeled‘‘how.’’Subjectsfilledintheseboxesstartingatthetopandworkingdowntothebottom,aprocessthatwasexpectedtoactivatelow-level-construalmind-sets.Subjectsinacontrolcondition(n528)werenotprimed.
Mood
Toassesswhetherconstrualsoperateindependentlyofmoods(Fujita,Trope,Liberman,&Levin-Sagi,2006),weadministeredthePositiveandNegativeAffectSchedule(Watson,Clark,&Tellegen,1988)toallsubjects.
RESULTS
Construal-ManipulationCheck
Twojudgesunawareofthehypothesiscodedanswerstothe‘‘why’’and‘‘how’’prompts(Fujitaetal.,2006).Statementssuperordinatetoprecedingoneswerecoded1;thosesubordinatetoprecedingoneswerecoded_1.Statementsfittingneithercriterionwerecoded0.Ratingswerereliable(k=.84)andwereaveraged.Asexpected,statementsofsubjectswhohadanswered‘‘why’’questionsreflectedhigher-levelconstrualsthanthoseofsubjectswhohadanswered‘‘how’’questions,t(53)=9.71,p<.01,n2=.62.Thisresultsupportedthemanipulation’seffectiveness(seeTable1).
TABLE1
MeanConstrualRatings,NumberofFishReturned
MeanConstrualRatings,NumberofFishReturned(Cooperation),andMood
Variable
Construallevel
High(‘‘why’’)
Low(‘‘how’’)
Control
Construalrating
2.83(2.06)
-3.01(2.40)
------
Numberoffishreturned
34.36(10.87)
17.53(10.63)
24.53(10.21)
Positivemood
29.31(7.86)
27.54(8.32)
28.22(7.52)
Negativemood
15.47(6.74)
16.02(5.90)
15.89(6.33)
Note.Standarddeviationsaregiveninparentheses.
NumbersofFishReturned(Cooperation)
Numbersoffishreturnedindexedcooperationanddifferedamongconditions,F(2,80)=17.65,p<.01,n2=.18.1Aspredicted,subjectsweremorecooperativeinreturningfishwhenhigh-levelconstrualsratherthanlow-levelconstrualswereactivated,t(80)=5.91,p<.01,n2=.30,andthenumbersoffishreturnedinthe‘‘why’’and‘‘how’’conditionsdifferedfromthenumberreturnedinthecontrolcondition,t=(80)>2.43,ps<.05,n2=>.06.Moreover,construalratingscorrelatedwiththenumberoffishreturnedinthe‘‘why’’and‘‘how’’conditions,r(53)=.44,p<.01,whichsuggestedthatgreatercooperationwasassociatedwithhigherconstruals(seeTable1).
Mood
Neitherpositive-moodnornegative-moodratingsdifferedacrossconstrualconditions,whichsuggestedthatconstrualsoperatedindependentlyofaffect(Fujitaetal.,2006;seeTable1).
DISCUSSION
Ourfindingsindicatethatbroadeningconstrualscanprovideanovel,theoreticallybasedapproachtoeffectivelyincreasecooperationinsocialdilemmasandareconsistentwithCLT(Libermanetal.,2002;Trope&Liberman,2003).Construallevelscanbeinfluencedbyseveraldimensions:
time(latervs.now),socialcloseness(othervs.self),space(elsewherevs.here),andreality(unrealvs.real;Fujita,2008).Thisvariationmayhavewiderimplicationsforsocialdilemmas.
Forinstance,regardingthetimedimension,peopletradeshort-termforlong-termconcernswhentheycooperateinasocialdilemma(Joireman,Strathman,&Balliet,2006).Thefactthatdistantfuturesareconstruedatahigherlevelthannearfuturesmaypartlyexplainwhypolicymakersoftenfinditmorepalatabletopushcooperativeventures(e.g.,conservationlaws)todistantdates.Feelingsimilartootherpeople(Parks,Sanna,&Berel,2001),whichimpliessocialcloseness,likewiseincreasescooperationinsocialdilemmas.Inaddition,furtherdistancesareconstruedmorehighlythanpointsnearby.Thus,althoughwaste-treatmentfacilities,dumps,andlandfillsareimportanttothecollectivegood,nobodywantsthesenearthem(thenot-inmybackyardsyndrome).Peoplearemorecooperativewhenthesearefaraway.
Finally,futureresearchshouldexaminewhenconstrualsaffectcooperationinotherexperimentalandreal-lifesettings,suchasinothertypesofsocialdilemmas(e.g.,Prisoner’sDilemmagamesorpublic-goodsdilemmas),ininterdependentsettings(e.g.,interactionswithincloserelationshipsordecisionsregardingwhethertocontributetocharities;Kelleyetal.,2003),andinnegotiations(Henderson,Trope,&Carnevale,2006).Inshort,wehopeourexperimenthelpsspurfurtherexaminationofthesemixed-motiveinteractions.Webelievethatresearchonthistopicwillhavebroadtheoreticalandappliedimplicationsforincr
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