Chapter Ten Safety and Environmental Protection 泵的安全和环境保护.docx
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Chapter Ten Safety and Environmental Protection 泵的安全和环境保护.docx
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ChapterTenSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection泵的安全和环境保护
ChapterTenSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection
RiskAnalysisoftheunit
1.Howtoevaluateriskofunit?
Answer:
Generally,theriskofpetrochemicalunitisevaluatedbyhazardofrawmaterial,amountofhazardmaterialinunit,processconditions,processcomplex,operationmode,controlmethod.Rawmaterialofcokingunitisresidue,withprocesscharacteristicsofhightemperatureandhighsulfur.Therefore,mainriskisfirehazardandpoisondamage.
2.Whatisoilflashpoint?
Whatissignificanceonflashpointanalysis?
Answer:
Underspecifictestingconditions,whenoilisheating,flashpointistheminimumtemperatureatwhichinstantflashingishappenedwhilemixtureofsteamfromheatedoilandaircontactingwithfire.Basedondifferentmeasuringmethodandinstrument,therearetwomeasuringmethods,suchasopencupmethodandclosedcupmethod.Theformerisusedtomeasureheavyoil,andthelatterisapplicableforbothlightoilandheavyoil.Generally,thelowerpetroleumfractionboilingpointis,theloweritsflashpointis.Forexample,flashpointofgasolineis-30~-40℃;flashpointofdieseloilis26~50℃;andflashpointoflubeoilis130~325℃.Ifheavyoil(lubeoil)ismixedwiththeoilwithlowboilingpoint(gasolineordissolvent),theflashpointwillbedecreasedsignificantly.Therefore,evennessoftheoil(whetheritismixedwithcomponentwithlowboilingpoint)couldbejudgedbyflashpoint.Risklevelofoilisclassifiedbyitsflashpoint.Forexample,theoilwithflashpointat45℃andaboveiscalledascombustibles,andtheoilwithflashpointat45℃andbelowiscalledasflammables.Thereisarelationshipbetweenflashpointandchemicalcompositionoftheoil,i.e.theoilwithmuchwaxyhydrocarbonhasahighflashpoint,buttheequivalentoilwithcyclichydrocarbon-aromaticbaseincludingmuchcolloidhasalowflashpoint.
3.Whatisrangeofexplosion?
Howtocalculateit?
Answer:
Notallmixtureofoilvaporandaircouldbeflashedandexploded.Essentialconditionofflashisthatconcentrationofhydrocarbonoroilvaporinmixtureshouldbewithinacertainlimit.Ifitislowerthanthislimit,oilvaporisnotenough;ifhigherthanthislimit,airwillbenotenoughforflash.Therefore,thisconcentrationrangeiscalledasrangeofexplosion,andthelowerlimitofconcentrationiscalledastheupperlimitofexplosion.Thescopeofflashorexplosioncouldbecalculatedbythefollowingformula:
Inthisformula,Nlower,Nupper——thelowerlimitandtheupperlimitofexplosion,%(volume)
m——Oxygenatomquantityusedforonehydrocarbonmoleculecombustion.
Explosionrangeoftwocomponentsormulti-componentfuelgascouldbeapproximatelycalculatedbythefollowingformula:
Upperlimitofmixedgasexplosion=
hereintoN1,N2,…,Nn——Explosionupperlimitofvariouscomponentsinmixedgas;
a1,a2,…,an——Variouscomponent%(volume),a1+a2+…+an=100。
4.Whatisflashpointoftheoil?
Answer:
Underspecifiedtestingcondition,thelowesttemperatureatwhichthemixtureofoilandairisfiredandcombustedforatleast5secondswhileapproachingtheflameiscalledasflashpointoftheoil.Thelightertheoilis,thelowerflashpointis.
5.Whatisspontaneousignitionpointoftheoil?
Answer:
Underspecifiedtestingcondition,thelowesttemperatureatwhichoilisspontaneousfiringwithoutflameiscalledspontaneousignitionpoint.Thereisrelationshipbetweenspontaneousignitionpointandchemicalcompositionoftheoil.Alkaneismucheasiertospontaneousignitionthanaromatichydrocarbon,andhydrocarbonwithsmallrelativemolecularmassinsamehomologshasahigherspontaneousignitionpoint.
6.Whatcharacteristicindexcouldindicatethatoilisflammableandexplosive?
Answer:
Allpetroleumproducts(includingcrudeoil)areflammableandexplosiveobjects,whichareusuallyjudgedbyflashpoint,ignitionpoint,spontaneouspoint,explosionlimit,etc.Ithasacloserelationshipwiththesafetyduringoilproduction,storageandconsumption.
7.Howaboutflammabilityofmaterialincokingunit?
Answer:
Flammableandexplosivematerial:
drygas,fuelgas,condensateoil.Flammablematerialsaregasoline,dieseloil,waxoil,petroleumcoke,andvacuumresidue(VR).
8.Whatabouttheriskonequipmentofcokingunit?
Answer:
Equipmentofcokingunitmayhavethefollowingrisks:
(1)Furnace:
Itisequipmentwithhightemperature,nakedfireandlargenoise.Maximumtemperaturecouldreachto800℃andabove.Commonaccidents:
carelessfiringcausesburnbyback-fire;furnaceexplosionwouldbehappenedduetoincompletereplacementofoilandgas;furnacepenetrationduetopartiallyoverheatwhichiscausedbyfurnacetubecoking,orfiringcausedbyoilleakagefromreturnbendtankinfurnacetube.
(2)Radiationfeedpump,heavywaxoilpump:
theyarehightemperaturerotationequipment,suchasfirecausedbyoilleakagefrompump.
(3)Liquefiedhydrocarbonpump:
Liquefiedhydrocarboniseasytoleakandformflammableandexplosivegas.
(4)Richgascompressor:
bignoise.Itiseasyformediumtoformflammableandexplosivegas.
(5)Gasknockoutdrum:
Itiseasytoformflammableandexplosivegasduetogasleakage.
(6)Fractionatoroverheadreturntankandabsorptionanddesorptionequilibriumtank:
dischargedsulfur-containingsewageincludesH2S.PoisoningaccidentwillbehappenedifconcentrationoftheleakedH2Sisexcessivehigh.
(7)Heavywaxoil,heatexchangerofheavywaxoil:
theyarehightemperatureequipment.Itmaybefiredbyleakage.
(8)Coketower:
hightemperaturedevice,anduseneutronlevelgaugeorotherradioactivesourceasitslevelgauge,andradioactivematerialexisting.
(9)Cokecutwaterpump:
Itishighpressuredevice.Oncepipeandflangeisleaked,highpressurewaterwillbesprayed,itiseasytocauseinjuryaccident.
(10)Fractionator:
Itishightemperaturedevice.Itiseasytocausefireoncedeviceisleaked.
(11)Hightemperatureresiduepipeline:
transfermediumishighsulfurresidue.Itiseasytoleadtohightemperaturesulfurcorrosionandstresscorrosionofpipelinetocausefireduetopipepenetrationandleakage.
(12)Decokingofcoketowerisahazardouswork.Firstly,preventhighpressurewaterinjuryaccidentduetowaterhosecrackduringdecoking.Secondly,preventpoisoningaccidentduetosmallamountofH2Sleakingfromcokingtowerwhencoverremovingforcokecooling.Therefore,itisnecessarytodopreventionanddoubleoperationcautiously.
9.Whatarecommonpoisonsincokingunit?
Whataboutharmfulness?
Answer:
Thecommonpoisonsandharmfulnessincokingunitareshownintable10-1.
10.Whatisharmfulnessofradioactiveraytohumanbody?
Answer:
Ionizationradiationistherootreasontocausedamageonhumanbodybyray.Thebasicprincipleisthationizationradiationionizesandexcitesbiomoleculebydirecteffecttogeneratefreeradicaloflargebiologicalmoleculetoleadtodamageonlargebiologicalmolecule.Ontheotherhand,ionizationradiationionizesandexciteswatermoleculetogeneratefreeradicalwithstrongchemicalactivity,whichisactedonlargebiologicalmoleculetogeneratefreeradicaltocausedamageonlargemolecule.Biochemicalchangewillbegeneratedtocausecelldeathandmutationiflargebiologicalmoleculeinjured.Ifthedamageisreversiblephysiologicalchange,injuredmoleculecouldberecoveredbybio-enzymegeneratedbyorganismitself.
11.Whatarethreeprinciplesandthreecountermeasuresofradiationprotection?
Answer:
Threeprinciplesofradiationprotection:
(1)Properpractice.
(2)Limiteddose.(3)Optimizedprotection.
Threecountermeasuresofradiationprotection:
(1)Timingprotection.
(2)Distanceprotection.(3)Shieldprotection.
12.Whatbasicstrategytopreventaccident?
Answer:
Riskofunitproductionismainlysourcedfromhazardofprocessedrawmaterialsandprocessconditions.Basicstrategiestopreventaccidentindomesticandoverseasarebasicallyidentical,i.e.underthepredictableconditions,itisnecessarytokeepcontrolthesafetyofhazardousmaterialandequipment.Accidentpreventionsaremainlyincluding:
(1)Duringprocessing,hazardousmaterialandproductshouldbesealedinequipmentandpipetoensureisolatingfromcombustionsupportingairandignitionsource.Inthiscase,equipment,pipe,controlsystem,powersupplysystemshouldbereliable.
(2)Equipwithemergencycutoffsystemandemergencyreliefsystemtoensuredischargehazardousmaterialfromunitunderabnormalcondition.
(3)Equipwithhazardousmaterialleakingdetectingsystemandventilationsystemtodetectpossibleleakage;cutoffandforcetoventtopreventexplosivegasgenerationorflammablegasaccumulationonceleakingisdetected.
Table10-1Commonpoisonoussubstancesandharmfulnessofcokingunit
Material
/(kg/m3)
Concentration
Explosionlimit/%(volume)
Maxallowableconcentration
/(mg/m3)
Appearanceandproperty
Harmfulness
Emergencytreatment
Sulfurdioxide
2.69
—
15
Colorlesssuffocatinggas,withspecialsmell.Solubleinwaterandethanol
Non-combustible.Easilyabsorbedbythesurfaceofmoistandgeneratesulfurousacid,sulfuricacid.Haveastrongeyeandrespiratorystimulation.AlargenumberInhalationcancausepulmonaryedema,laryngealedema,vocalcordspasmandsuffocation
Skincontact:
Immediatelyremovecontaminatedclothing,washthoroughlywithfreshwater.Eyecontact:
immediatelylifteyelid,washeyeswithfreshwaterorsalineirrigationwater
Inhalation:
Removetofreshair.Keeptheairwayopen.Ifbreathingisdifficult,giveoxygen.Ifbreathingstops,artificial
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