Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx
- 文档编号:548034
- 上传时间:2023-04-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:104
- 大小:100.75KB
Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx
《Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx(104页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则
Foreword
ByRajatGupta,ICCChairman
Theglobaleconomyhasgivenbusinessbroaderaccessthaneverbeforetomarketsallovertheworld.Goodsaresoldinmorecountries,inlargequantities,andingreatervariety.Butasthevolumeandcomplexityofglobalsalesincrease,sodopossibilitiesformisunderstandingsandcostlydisputeswhensalecontractsarenotadequatelydrafted.
TheIncoterms®rules,theICCrulesontheuseofdomesticandinternationaltradeterms,facilitatetheconductofglobaltrade.ReferencetoanIncoterms2021ruleinasalecontractclearlydefinestheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.
SincethecreationoftheIncotermsrulesbyICCin1936,thisgloballyacceptedcontractualstandardhasbeenregularlyupdatedtokeeppacewiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.TheIncoterms2021rulestakeaccountofthecontinuedspreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunicationsinbusinesstransactions,heightenedconcernaboutsecurityinthemovementofgoodsandconsolidatesintransportpractices.Incoterms2021updatesandconsolidatesthe'delivered'rules,reducingthetotalnumberofrulesfrom13to11,andoffersasimplerandclearerpresentationofalltherules.Incoterms2021isalsothefirstversionoftheIncotermsrulestomakeallreferencestobuyersandsellersgender-neutral.
ThebroadexpertiseofICC'sCommissiononCommercialLawandPractice,whosemembershipisdrawnfromallpartsoftheworldandalltradesectors,ensuresthattheIncoterms2021rulesrespondtobusinessneedseverywheredefinestheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.
ICCwouldliketoexpressitsgratitudetothemembersoftheCommission,chairedbyFabioBortolotti(Italy),totheDraftingGroup,whichcomprisedCharlesDebattista(Co-Chair,France),JensBredow(Germany),JohnnyHerre(Sweden),DavidLwee(UK),LauriRailas(Finland),FrankReynolds(US),andMiroslavSubert(SzechRepublic),andtoAskoRaty(Finland)forassistancewiththeimagesdepictingthe11rules.
INTRODUCTION
TheIncoterms®rulesexplainasetofthree-lettertradetermsreflectingbusiness-to-businesspracticeincontractsforthesaleofgoods.TheIncoterms®rulesdescribemainlythetasks,costsandrisksinvolvedinthedeliveryofgoodsfromsellerstobuyers.
HowtousetheIncoterms®2021rules
1.IncorporatetheIncoterms®2021rulesintoyourcontractofsale
IfyouwanttheIncoterms®2021rulestoapplytoyourcontract,youshouldmakethisclearinthecontract,throughsuchwordsas,“[thechosenIncotermsruleincludingthenamedplace,followedby]Incoterms®2021〞.
2.ChoosetheappropriateIncotermsrule
ThechosenIncotermsruleneedstobeappropriatetothegoods,tothemeansoftheirtransport,andabovealltowhetherthepartiesintendtoputadditionalobligations,forexamplesuchastheobligationtoorganizecarriageorinsurance,ontheselleroronthebuyer.TheGuidanceNotetoeachIncotermsrulecontainsinformationthatisparticularlyhelpfulwhenmakingthischoice.WhicheverIncotermsruleischosen,thepartiesshouldbeawaretheinterpretationoftheircontractmaywellbeinfluencedbycustomsparticulartotheportorplacebeingused.
3.Specifyyourplaceorportaspreciselyaspossible
ThechosenIncotermsrulecanworkonlyifthepartiesnameaplaceorport,andwillworkbestifthepartiesspecifytheplaceorportaspreciselyaspossible.
Agoodexampleofsuchprecisionwouldbe:
:
“FCA38CoursAlbert1er,Paris,FranceIncoterms2021〞.
UndertheIncotermsrule
ExWorks(EXW),
FreeCarrier(FCA),
DeliveredatTerminal(DAT),
DeliveredatPlace(DAP),
DeliveredDutyPaid(DDP),
FreeAlongsideShip(FAS),
andFreeonBoard(FOB),
thenamedplaceistheplacewheredeliverytakesplaceand
whereriskpassesfromthesellertothebuyer.
UndertheIncotermsrule
CarriagePaidto(CPT),
CarriageandInsurancePaidto(CIP),
CostandFreight(CFR)
Cost,InsuranceandFreight(CIF),
Thenamedplacediffersfromtheplaceofdelivery.UnderthesefourIncotermsrules,thenamedplaceistheplaceofdestinationtowhichcarriageispaid.
Indicationsastoplaceordestinationcanhelpfullybefurtherspecifiedbystatingaprecisepointinthatplaceordestinationinordertoavoiddoubtorargument.
4.RememberthatIncotermsrulesdonotgiveyouacompletecontractofsale
Incotermsrulesdosaywhichpartytothesalecontracthastheobligationtomakecarriageorinsurancearrangements,whenthesellerdeliversthegoodstothebuyer,andwhichcostseachpartyisresponsiblefor.
Incotermsrules,however,saynothingaboutthepricetobepaidorthemethodofitspayment.Neitherdotheydealwiththetransferofownershipofthegoods,ortheconsequencesofabreachofcontract.Thesemattersarenormallydealtwiththroughexpresstermsinthecontractofsaleorinthelawgoverningthatcontract.Thepartiesshouldbeawarethatmandatorylocallawmayoverrideanyaspectofthesalecontract,includingthechosenIncotermsrules.
MainfeaturesoftheIncoterm@2021rules
1.TwonewIncotermsruls–DATandDAP–havereplacedtheIncoterms2000rulesDAF,DESDEQandDDU.
ThenumberofIncotermsruleshasbeenreducedfrom13to11.
Thishasbeenachievedbysubstitutingtworulesthatmaybeusedirrespectiveoftheagreedmodeoftransport—DAT,DeliveredatTerminal,andDAP,DeliveredatPlace—fortheIncoterms2000rulesDAF,DES,DEQandDDU.
Underbothnewrules,deliveryoccursatanameddestination:
inDAT,atthebuyer’sdisposalunloadedfromthearrivingvehicle(asundertheformerDEQrule);inDAP,likewiseatthebuyer’sdisposal,butreadyforunloading(asundertheformerDAF,DESandDDUrules).
ThenewrulesmaketheIncoterms2000rulesDESandDEQsuperfluous.ThenamedterminalinDATmaywellbeinaport,andDATcanthereforesafelybeusedincaseswheretheIncoterms2000ruleDEQoncewas.Likewise,thearriving“vehicle〞underDAPmaywellbeashipandthenamedplaceofdestinationmaywellbeaport:
consequently,DAPcansafelybeusedincaseswheretheIncoterms2000ruleDESoncewas.Thesenewrules,liketheirpredecessors,are“delivered〞,withthesellerbearingallthecosts(otherthanthoserelatedtoimportclearance,whereapplicable)andrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.
2.Classificationofthe11Incoterms®2021rules
The11Incoterms®2021rulesarepresentedintwodistinctclasses:
RULESFORANYMODEORMODESOF
TRANSPOTR
EXWEXWORKS
FCAFREECARRIER
CPTCARRIAGEPAIDTO
CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO
DATDELIVEREDATTERMINAL
DAPDELIVEREDATPLACE
DDPDELIVEREDDUTYPAID
RULESFORSEAANDINLANDWATERWAYTRANSPORT
FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP
FOBFREEONBOARD
CFRCOSTANDFREIGHT
CIFCOSTINSURANCEANDFREIGHT
ThefirstclassincludesthesevenIncoterms®2021rulesthatcanbeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransportselectedandirrespectiveofwhetheroneormorethanonemodeoftransportisemployed.EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAPandDDPbelongtothisclass.Theycanbeusedevenwhenthereisnomaritimetransportatall.Itisimportanttoremember,however,thattheserulescanbeusedincaseswhereashipisusedforpartofthecarriage.
InthesecondclassofIncoterms®2021rules,thepointofdeliveryandtheplacetowhichthegoodsarecarriedtothebuyerarebothports,hencethelabel“seaandinlandwaterway〞rules.FAS,FOB,CFRandCIFbelongtothisclass.UnderthelastthreeIncotermsrules,allmentionoftheship’srailasthepointofdeliveryhasbeenomittedinpreferenceforthegoodsbeingdeliveredwhentheyare“onboard〞thevessel.Thismorecloselyreflectsmoderncommercialrealityandavoidstheratherdatedimageoftheriskswingingtoandfroacrossanimaginaryperpendicularline.
3.Rulesfordomesticandinternationaltrade
Incotermsruleshavetraditionallybeenusedininternationalsalecontractswheregoodspassacrossnationalboarders.Invariousareasoftheworld,however,tradeblocs,liketheEuropeanUnion,havemadeborderformalitiesbetweendifferentcountrieslesssignificant.Consequently,thesubtitleoftheIncoterms®2021rulesformallyrecognizethattheyareavailableforapplicationtobothinternationalanddomesticsalecontracts.Asaresult,theIncoterms®2021rulesclearlystateinanumberofplacesthattheobligationtocomplywithexport/importformalitiesexistsonlywhereapplicable.
TwodevelopmentshavepersuadedICCthatamovementinthisdirectionistimely.Firstly,traderscommonlyuseIncotermsrulesforpurelydomesticsalecontract.ThesecondreasonisthegreaterwillingnessintheUnitesStatestouseIncotermrulesindomestictraderatherthantheformerUniformCommercialCodeshipmentanddeliveryterms.
4.GuidanceNotes
BeforeeachIncoterms®2021ruleyouwillfindaGuidanceNote.TheGuidanceNotesexplainthefundamentalsofeachIncotermsrule,suchaswhenitshouldbeused,whenriskpasses,andhowcostsareallocatedbetweensellerandbuyer.TheGuidanceNotesarenotpartoftheactualIncoterms®2021rules,butareintendedtohelptheuseraccuratelyandefficientlysteertowardstheappropriateIncotermsruleforaparticulartransaction.
5.Electroniccommunication
PreviousversionsofIncotermsruleshavespecifiedthosedocumentsthatcouldbereplacedbyEDImessages.ArticlesA1/B1oftheIncoterms®2021rules,however,nowgiveelectronicmeansofcommunicationthesameeffectaspapercommunication,aslongasthepartiessoagreeorwherecustomary.Thisformulationfacilitatestheevolutionofnewelectronicp
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Incoterms 国际贸易 术语 解释 通则