LSAT阅读0912.docx
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LSAT阅读0912.docx
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LSAT阅读0912
ALSAT第09套SECTIONIII
Time35minutes26Questions
Directions:
Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
Afterthirtyyearsofinvestigationintocellgenetics,researchersmadestartlingdiscoveriesinthe1960sandearly1970swhichculminatedinthedevelopmentofprocesses,collectivelyknownasrecombinantdeoxyribonucleicacid(rDNA)technology,fortheactivemanipulationofacell’sgeneticcode.ThetechnologyhascreatedexcitementandcontroversybecauseitinvolvesalteringDNA—whichcontainsthebuildingblocksofthegeneticcode.
UsingrDNAtechnology,scientistscantransferaportionoftheDNAfromoneorganismtoasinglelivingcellofanother.Thescientistchemically“snips”theDNAchainofthehostcellatapredeterminedpointandattachesanotherpieceofDNAfromadonorcellatthatplace,creatingacompletelyneworganism.
ProponentsofrDNAresearchanddevelopmentclaimthatitwillallowscientiststofindcuresfordiseaseandtobetterunderstandhowgeneticinformationcontrolsanorganism’sdevelopment.Theyalsoseemanyotherpotentiallypracticalbenefits,especiallyinthepharmaceuticalindustry.SomecorporationsemployingthenewtechnologyevenclaimthatbytheendofthecenturyallmajordiseaseswillbetreatedwithdrugsderivedfrommicroorganismscreatedthroughrDNAtechnology.Pharmaceuticalproductsalreadydeveloped,butnotyetmarketed,indicatethatthesepredictionsmayberealized.
Proponentsalsocitenonmedicalapplicationsforthistechnology.Energyproductionandwastedisposalmaybenefit:
geneticallyalteredorganismscouldconvertsewageandotherorganicmaterialintomethanefuel.AgriculturemightalsotakeadvantageofrDNAtechnologytoproducenewvarietiesofcropsthatresistfoulweather,pests,andtheeffectsofpoorsoil.
AmajorconcernofthecriticsofrDNAresearchisthatgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismsmightescapefromthelaboratory.Becausethesemicroorganismsarelaboratorycreationsthat,inallprobability(inallprobability:
adv.很可能),donotoccurinnature,theirinteractionwiththenaturalworldcannotbepredictedwithcertainty.Itispossiblethattheycouldcausepreviouslyunknown,perhapsincurablediseases.Theeffectofgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismsontheworld’smicrobiologicalpredator-preyrelationshipsisanotherpotentiallyseriousproblempointedoutbytheopponentsofrDNAresearch.Introducinganewspeciesmaydisruptorevendestroytheexistingecosystem.Thecollapseofinterdependentrelationshipsamongspecies,extrapolatedtoitsextreme,couldeventuallyresultinthedestructionofhumanity.
OpponentsofrDNAtechnologyalsociteethicalproblemswithit.Forexample,itgivesscientiststhepowertoinstantlycrossevolutionaryandspeciesboundariesthatnaturetookmillenniatoestablish.Theimplicationsofsuchpowerwouldbecomeparticularlyprofoundifgeneticengineersweretotinkerwithhumangenes,apracticethatwouldbringusonestepclosertoAldousHuxley’sgrimvisioninBraveNewWorldofatotalitariansocietythatengineers(策划,操纵)humanbeingstofulfillspecificroles.
1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichoneofthefollowing?
(A)explainingtheprocessandapplicationsofrDNAtechnology
(B)advocatingcontinuedrDNAresearchanddevelopment
(C)providingevidenceindicatingtheneedforregulationofrDNAresearchanddevelopment
(D)summarizingthecontroversysurroundingrDNAresearchanddevelopment(D)
(E)arguingthattheenvironmentalrisksofrDNAtechnologymayoutweighitsmedicalbenefits
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingisanaccuratestatementaboutresearchintothegeneticcodeofcells?
(A)ItledtothedevelopmentofprocessesforthemanipulationofDNA.
(B)ItwasinitiatedbythediscoveryofrDNAtechnology.
(C)Itledtotheuseofnewtreatmentsformajordiseases.
(D)Itwasuniversallyheraldedasagreatbenefittohumanity.(A)
(E)Itwasmotivatedbyadesiretocreateneworganisms.
3.ThepotentialbenefitsofrDNAtechnologyreferredtointhepassageincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(A)newmethodsofwastetreatment
(B)newbiologicalknowledge
(C)enhancedfoodproduction
(D)developmentoflessexpensivedrugs(D)
(E)increasedenergyproduction
4.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakenanargumentofopponentsofrDNAtechnology?
(A)NewsafetyproceduresdevelopedbyrDNAresearchersmakeitimpossibleforgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismstoescapefromlaboratories.
(B)Ageneticallyalteredmicroorganismaccidentallyreleasedfromalaboratoryissuccessfullycontained.
(C)AparticularrDNA-engineeredmicroorganismintroducedintoanecosystemattractspredatorsthatkeepitspopulationdown.
(D)Geneticallyalteredorganismsdesignedtoprocesssewageintomethanecannotsurviveoutsidethewastetreatmentplant.(A)
(E)Aspecifichereditarydiseasethathasplaguedhumankindforgenerationsissuccessfullyeradicated.
5.Theauthor’sreferenceinthelastsentenceofthepassagetoasocietythatengineershumanbeingstofulfillspecificrolesservesto
(A)emphasizethepotentialmedicaldangersofrDNAtechnology
(B)advocateresearchontheuseofrDNAtechnologyinhumangenetics
(C)warnofthepossibledisastersthatcouldresultfromupsettingthebalanceofnature
(D)presentBraveNewWorldasanexampleofaworkoffictionthataccuratelypredictedtechnologicaldevelopments(E)
(E)illustratethesociopoliticalramificationsofapplyinggeneticengineeringtohumans
6.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenanargumentoftheopponentsofrDNAtechnology?
(A)AgriculturalproductsdevelopedthroughrDNAtechnologyarenomoreattractivetoconsumersthanaretraditionalcrops.
(B)Geneticallyalteredmicroorganismshavenonaturalpredatorsbutcanpreyonawidevarietyofothermicroorganisms.
(C)DrugsproducedusingrDNAtechnologycostmoretomanufacturethandrugsproducedwithtraditionaltechnologies.
(D)Ecosystemsareimpermanentsystemsthatareoftenliabletocollapse,andoccasionallydoso.(B)
(E)Geneticallyalteredmicroorganismsgenerallycannotsurviveformorethanafewhoursinthenaturalenvironment.
Graymarketing,thesellingoftrademarkedproductsthroughchannelsofdistributionnotauthorizedbythetrademarkholder,caninvolvedistributionofgoodseitherwithinamarketregionoracrossmarketboundaries.Graymarketingwithinamarketregion(“channelflowdiversion”)occurswhenmanufacturer-authorizeddistributorsselltrademarkedgoodstounauthorizeddistributorswhothensellthegoodstoconsumerswithinthesameregion.Forexample,quantitydiscountsfrommanufacturersmaymotivateauthorizeddealerstoenterthegraymarketbecausetheycanpurchaselargerquantitiesofaproductthantheythemselvesintendtostockiftheycanselltheextraunitsthroughgraymarketingchannels.
Whengraymarketingoccursacrossmarketboundaries,itistypicallyinaninternationalsettingandmaybecalled“parallelimporting.”Manufacturersoftenproduceandsellproductsinmorethanonecountryandestablishanetworkofauthorizeddealersineachcountry.Parallelimportingoccurswhentrademarkedgoodsintendedforonecountryaredivertedfromproperchannels(channelflowdiversion)andthenexportedtounauthorizeddistributorsinanothercountry.
Trademarkownersjustifiablyargueagainst(argueagainst:
反对)graymarketingpracticessincesuchpracticesclearlyjeopardizethegoodwillestablishedbytrademarkowners:
consumerswhopurchasetrademarkedgoodsinthegraymarketdonotgetthesame“extendedproduct,”whichtypicallyincludespre-andpostsaleservice.Equallyimportant,authorizeddistributorsmayceasetopromotetheproductifitbecomesavailableformuchlowerpricesthroughunauthorizedchannels.
Currentdebateoverregulationofgraymarketingfocusesonthreedisparatetheoriesintrademarklawthathavebeenvariouslyandconfusinglyappliedtoparallelimportationcases:
universality,exhaustion,andterritoriality.Thetheoryofuniversalityholdsthatatrademarkisonlyanindicationofthesourceororiginoftheproduct.Thistheorydoesnotrecognizethegoodwillfunctionsofatrademark.Whenthecourtsapplythistheory,graymarketingpracticesareallowedtocontinuebecausetheoriginoftheproductremainsthesameregardlessofthespecificrouteoftheproductthroughthechannelofdistribution.Theexhaustiontheoryholdsthatatrademarkownerrelinquishesallrightsonceaproducthasbeensold.Whenthistheoryisapplied,graymarketingpracticesareallowedtocontinuebecausethetrademarkowners’rightsceaseassoonastheirproductsaresoldtoadistributor.Thetheoryofterritorialityholdsthatatrademarkiseffectiveinthecountryinwhichitisregistered.Underthetheoryofterritoriality,trademarkownerscanstopgraymarketingpracticesintheregisteringcountriesonproductsbearingtheirtrademarks.Sinceonlytheterritorialitytheoryaffordstrademarkownersanyreallegalprotectionagainstgraymarketingpractices,Ibelieveitisinevitableaswellasdesirablethatitwillcometobeconsistentlyappliedingraymarketingcases.
7.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?
(A)Graymarketingisunfairtotrademarkownersandshouldbelegally
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- LSAT 阅读 0912