德国药房案判决Word下载.docx
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德国药房案判决Word下载.docx
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ProfessorB.S.Markesinis
Copyright:
RaymondYoungs
1.Art12para1oftheGGnotonlydeclaresfreedomoftradeasanobjectiveprincipleofthesocialandeconomicorder;
itguaranteesthebasicrightoftheindividualtotakeupanypermittedactivityasavocation,evenifitdoesnotcorrespondtoa"
vocationalprofile"
fixedbytraditionorlaw.
...
5.TheauthorityunderArt12para1sentence2oftheGGtolaydownrulescoversexerciseandchoiceofavocation,butnotwiththesameintensity.Itisgivenfortheexerciseofavocationandcanonlyaffectfreedomofchoiceofvocationfromthisangle.Themoreitpurelyregulatesexercise,thefreerthecontentcanbe,butthemoreitalsoconcernschoiceofvocation,themorelimiteditscontent.
6.Thebasicrightistoprotectthefreedomoftheindividual,andthereservationofthepowerofregulationistosecuresufficientprotectionforcommunityinterests.Theneedtotakebothrequirementsintoaccountmeansthatwhenthelegislatorinterveneshemustdifferentiateinaccordancewiththefollowingprinciples:
a)Freedomofexerciseofavocationcanberestrictedinsofarthisseemsappropriateaccordingtorationalconsiderationsofthecommongood.BasicrightprotectionisrestrictedtopreventingconditionswhichareinthemselvescontrarytotheConstitutionbecausetheymaybeexcessivelyburdensomeandarenotreasonable.
b)Freedomofchoiceofvocationcanonlyberestrictedtotheextentthatprotectionofparticularlyimportantinterestsofthecommunitypositivelyrequiresit.Ifsuchaninterferenceisunavoidable,thelegislatormustalwayschoosetheformofinterferencewhichrestrictsthebasicrightleast.
c)Iftheinterferencewiththefreedomofchoiceofvocationtakestheformofalistofcertainconditionsfortakingupthevocation,adistinctionmustbemadebetweensubjectiveandobjectiveprerequisites.Theprincipleofproportionalityappliestothesubjectiveprerequisites(inparticulareducationandtraining)inthesensethattheymustnotbeoutofproportiontothedesiredgoalofproperperformanceofvocationalactivity.Particularlystrictrequirementsmustbeappliedtoprovingtheneedforobjectiveprerequisitesforadmission.
Ingeneralsuchameasurecanonlybejustifiedtoavertprovableorhighlyprobableseriousriskstoanextremelyimportantcommunityinterest.
d)RulesunderArt12para1sentence2oftheGGmustalwaysbemadeatthelevelwhichcausesthesmallestinterferencewithfreedomofchoiceofvocation.ThelegislatorcanonlyembarkonthenextlevelifitcanbeshownthatitishighlyprobablethattherisksfearedcannotbeeffectivelyovercomebymeansatthepreviouslevelwhichaccordwiththeConstitution.
Judgmentofthefirstsenateofthe11thJune1958
1BvR596/56
Art3para1ofthePharmaciesActstates:
"
(1)Permissiontocarryonbusinesscanonlybegivenforanewpharmacyif:
a)itisinthepublicinterestthatthepharmacyshouldbeestablishedinordertosecuretheprovisionofthepublicwithmedicines,and
b)itistobeassumedthattheeconomicbasisofthepharmacyisensuredandtheeconomicbasisofneighbouringpharmaciesisnotimpairedbyittosuchanextentthattheprerequisitesforaproperpharmacybusinessarenolongerensured.
Thepermissioncanbecombinedwithaconditionthatthepharmacyistobeestablishedinacertainlocationintheinterestsofuniformprovisionofmedicine.
IV
ThequestionofwhetherArt3para1ofthePharmaciesActisreconcilablewithArt12para1oftheGGrequiressomeconsiderationsofprincipleaboutthemeaningofthisconstitutionalprovision.
1.Art12para1protectsthefreedomofthecitizeninanareawhichisespeciallyimportantformodernsocietywithitsdivisionoflabour.Itguaranteestheindividual'
srighttotakeupanyactivityasa"
vocation"
forwhichhebelieveshimselftobesuited(ietomakeitthebasisofhowheconductshislife)..
...theconceptof"
mustbeinterpretedwidely.Itdoesnotonlyincludeallvocationswhichfitcertaintraditionalvocationalprofiles-oreventhosefixedbylaw.Italsoincludesatypical(butpermissible)activitiesfreelychosenbyindividualsfromwhichnewfirmvocationalprofilescanthenarise(referencesomitted)...
b)Ifthepossibilitiesforthelegislatortointerfereintheareaprotectedbythebasicrightareassessedbytheconstitutionalprovisionitself,thewordingofArt12para1couldsuggestthatinterferencesareonlytobepermittedinrelationtotheexerciseofavocation;
andthechoiceofavocationwouldbesimplyexcludedfromstatutoryregulation.Butthatcannotbethemeaningoftheprovision.Thisisbecausetheconceptsofchoiceandexerciseofavocationcannotsimplybeseparatedinsuchawaythattheyeachonlydescribeacertainperiodofvocationallifewhichdoesnotoverlapwiththeother.Inparticular,thetakingupofvocationalactivityrepresentsthecommencementofexerciseofavocationaswellastheimplementationofachoiceofvocationwhichexpressesitselfpreciselyinthisact-andfrequentlyonlyinit.Inthesameway,theintentiontocontinueavocationwhichshowsitselfinthecurrentexerciseofit,andfinallyvoluntaryterminationoftheexerciseofavocationarereallyatthesametimechoicesofvocation.Bothconceptsincludetheunifiedcomplex"
vocationalactivity"
seenfromvariousangles(referencesomitted).
Aninterpretationthereforewhichwouldsimplyrestrainthelegislatorfromanyinterferencewithfreedomofchoiceofvocationcannotbecorrect.Itwouldnotcorrespondwiththerealitiesoflife,anditwouldthereforenotleadinlawtoclearresults.Astatutoryprovisionwhichappearsprimarilytoregulateexerciseofavocationisinprinciplealsopermissibleifitindirectlyaffectsfreedomofchoiceofvocation.Thatoccursprincipallywhenprerequisitesfortakingupavocation,iestartingtoexerciseit,arelaiddownor,inotherwords,whenstartingtoexerciseavocationismadedependentonapermission.Art74no19,whichprovidesabasisforlegislativecompetencefor"
admission"
forcertainvocations,showsthattheBasicLawdidnotnotintendsimplytoexcluderulesaboutadmission.Thelegislativehistoryoftheprovisionalsoshowsthatalthoughadmittedlytherewasinprincipleanintentiontoavoidgivingpowertoimposerestrictionsonadmissions,ontheotherhandtherewasnointentiontodeclarethenumerousrestrictionsonexistingadmissionstobegenerallyimpermissible(referenceomitted).ItistruethattheauthoroftheBasicLawhasnotattainedcompleteobjectiveandconceptualclarityoftheproblemshere.Hehasintheendchosenaformulationwhichfollowedthedivisionbetween"
choice"
and"
exercise"
ofatradewhichiscommonintradinglaw,andinotherrespectsdeliberatelyleftfurtherregulation"
largely"
tostatute(referenceomitted)...
Art12para1isthusaunifiedbasicright("
vocationalfreedom"
),atanyrateinthesensethatthereservationofregulatorypowerinsentence2extends"
inprinciple"
toexerciseandtochoiceofavocation.Thisdoesnothowevermeanthatthelegislator'
spowersinrelationtoeachofthesephasesofvocationalactivityareequallyaswideintheircontent.ThisisbecausetheintentionintheConstitution,whichisclearlyexpressedinthewordingofArt12para1,mustalwaysbeborneinmind,iethatthechoiceofvocationshouldbe"
free"
buttheexerciseofavocationmayberegulated.Theonlyinterpretationwhichfitsthisisonewhichassumesthatthepowertoregulatedoesnotcoverboth"
phases"
withthesameobjectiveintensity;
andthatthemorethelegislatorinterfereswiththefreedomofchoiceofvocation,themoreheissubjecttostricterlimits.ThisinterpretationalsocorrespondswiththebasicconceptionsoftheConstitutionandthehumanpicturewhichitassumes(referencesomitted).Thechoiceofvocationissupposedtobeanactofselfdetermination,afreedecisionoftheindividualwill.Itmustasfaraspossibleremainunaffectedbyinterferencesfromstatepower.Byexercisinghisvocationtheindividualtakesadirectpartinsociallife.Limitationscanbeimposedonhimhereintheinterestsofothersandofthegeneralpublic.
Tosummarise:
Thepowertoregulateextendstoexerciseandchoiceofavocation.Butitisgivenforthesakeofexerciseofavocationandcanatthemostonlyinterferewithfreedomofchoiceofvocationfromthisangle.
Themoreitpurelyregulatesexercise,thefreerthecontentcanbe,butthemoreitalsoconcernschoiceofvocation,themorelimiteditscontent.
c)Thesearethegeneralfactorsdeterminingthescopeofthepowertoregulate.Astoitsdetailedcontent,themeaningoftheconceptof"
regulating"
mustfirstbeclarified,inparticularinrelationtofreedomofchoiceofvocation.Itcannotmeanthatthelegislatorhasonthewholeawiderareaofdiscretionthanwithothergeneralreservationsofstatutorypower,andthathecanregulatethewholeareaofvocationallawmorecomprehensivelyanddeterminethecontentofthebasicrightconstitutively(referencesomitted).Suchaviewwoulddebasethebasicright,becauseitscontentwouldbeentirelysurrenderedtothediscretionofthelegislator,whoishimselfboundbythebasicright(Art1para3oftheGG).Thatwouldnotfitthemeaningofthisbasicright.Itwouldscarcelybecompatiblewiththespecial(pleonastic)emphasison"
choiceofvocationinArt12para1.Andbesidesthis,itwouldcontradicttheoveralltendencyofthebasicri
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