通用陆面(colm)模式模型手册.doc
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通用陆面(colm)模式模型手册.doc
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TheCommonLandModel(CoLM)
Technical&UserGuide
YongjiuDai&DuoyingJi
SchoolofGeography
BeijingNormalUniversity
Beijing100875
China
E-mail:
yongjiudai@
duoyingji@
July7,2008
Contents
1.Introduction
2.CreatingandRunningtheExecutable
2.1Specificationofscriptenvironmentvariablesandheaderfile
2.2Surfacedatamaking
2.3Initialdatamaking
2.4Time-loopcalculation
3.CoLMSurfaceDataset
4.CoLMAtmosphericForcingDataset
4.1GSWP2forcingdataset
4.2PRINCETONforcingdataset
4.3Temporalinterpolationoftheforcingdata
5.CoLMModelStructureandParallelImplementation
5.1CoLMModelStructure
5.2CoLMMPIParallelDesign
5.3CoLMMPIParallelImplementation
5.4CoLMSourceCodeandSubroutinesOutline
6.CoLMParameterandVariables
6.1ModelParameters
6.2Timeinvariantmodelvariables
6.3TUNABLEconstants
6.4Time-varyingstatevariables
6.5Forcing
6.6Fluxes
7.Examples
7.1SinglePointOfflineExperiment
7.2GlobalOfflineExperimentwithGSWP2Dataset
Table1:
Modeldirectorystructure
Table2:
define.hCPPtokens
Table3:
Namelistvariablesforinitialdatamaking
Table4:
NamelistvariablesforTime-loopcalculation
Table5:
Thelistofrawdataavailable
Table6:
Descriptionof24-category(USGS)vegetationcategories
Table7:
Descriptionof17-categorysoilcategories
Table8:
Therelativeamountsofsand,soil,andclay
Table9:
netCDFFileInformationoftheProcessedAtmosphericForcingData
Table10:
SourcecodeandSubroutinesOutline
Table11:
Dimensionofmodelarray
Table12:
Controlvariablestodetermineupdatingontimesteps
Table13:
Modeltimeinvariantvariables
Table14:
ModelTUNABLEconstants
Table15:
Runcalendar
Table16:
Time-varyingVariablesforrestartrun
Table17:
AtmosphericForcing
Table18:
ModeloutputinxyGridForm
Figure1:
Flowchartofthesurfacedatamaking
Figure2:
Flowchartoftheinitialdatamaking
Figure3:
Flowchartofthetime-loopingcalculation
Figure4:
Diagramofthedomainpartitionatsurfacedatamaking
Figure5:
Diagramofthedomainpartitionattime-loopingcalculation
Figure6:
Diagramofthepatchesandgridsmappingrelationship
1.Introduction
Thisuser’sguideprovidetheuserwiththecodingimplementation,andoperatinginstructionsfortheCommonLandModel(CoLM)whichisthelandsurfaceparameterizationusedinofflinemodeorwiththeglobalclimatemodelsandregionalclimatemodels.
ThedevelopmentoftheCommonLandModel(hereafterwecallCLMinitialversion)canbedescribedastheworkofacommunityeffort.Initialsoftwarespecificationsanddevelopmentfocusedonevaluatingthebestfeaturesofexistinglandmodels.ThemodelperformancehasbeenvalidatedinveryextensivefielddataincludedsitesadoptedbytheProjectforIntercomparisonofLand-surfaceParameterizationSchemes(Cabauw,Valdai,Red-Arkansasriverbasin)andothers[FIFE,BOREAS,HAPEX-MOBILHY,ABRACOS,SonoranDesert,GSWP,LDAS].ThemodelhasbeencoupledwiththeNCARCommunityClimateModel(CCM3).DocumentationfortheCLMinitialversionisprovidedbyDaietal.(2001)whilethecouplingwithCCM3isdescribedinZengetal.(2002).ThemodelwasintroducedtothemodelingcommunityinDaietal.(2003).
TheCLMinitialversionwasadoptedastheCommunityLandModel(CLM2.0)forusewiththeCommunityAtmosphereModel(CAM2.0)andversion2oftheCommunityClimateSystemModel(CCSM2.0).ThecurrentversionofCommunityLandModel,CLM3.0,wasreleasedinJune2004aspartoftheCCSM3.0release(http:
//www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm3.0/clm3/).TheCommunityLandModel(CLM3.0)isradicallydifferentfromCLMinitialversion,particularlyfromasoftwareengineeringperspective,andthegreatadvancementsintheareasofcarboncycling,vegetationdynamics,andriverrouting.ThemajordifferencesbetweenCLM2.0andCLMinitialversionare:
1)thebiome-typelandcoverclassificationschemewasreplacedwithaplantfunctionaltype(PFT)representationwiththespecificationofPFTsandleafareaindexfromsatellitedata;2)theparameterizationsforvegetationalbedoandverticalburyingofvegetationbysnow;3)canopyscaling,leafphysiology,andsoilwaterlimitationsonphotosynthesistoresolvedeficienciesindicatedbythecouplingtoadynamicvegetationmodel;4)verticalheterogeneityinsoiltexturewasimplementedtoimprovecouplingwithadustemissionmodel;5)ariverroutingmodelwasincorporatedtoimprovethefreshwaterbalanceoveroceans;6)numerousmodestchangesweremadetotheparameterizationstoconformtothestrictenergyandwaterbalancerequirementsofCCSM;7)Furthersubstantialsoftwaredevelopmentwasalsorequiredtomeetcodingstandards.Besidesthechangesfromasoftwareengineeringperspective,thedifferencesbetweenCLM3.0andCLM2.0are:
1)severalimprovementstobiogeophysicalparameterizationstocorrectdeficiencies;2)stabilitytermswereaddedtotheformulationfor2-mairtemperaturetocorrectthis;3)theequationwasmodifiedtocorrectadiscontinuityintheequationthatrelatesthebulkdensityofnewlyfallensnowtoatmospherictemperature;4)anewformulationwasimplementedthatprovidesforvariableaerodynamicresistancewithcanopydensity;5)theverticaldistributionoflakelayerswasmodifiedtoallowformoreaccuratecomputationofgroundheatflux;6)afixwasimplementedfornegativeround-offlevelsoilicecausedbysublimation;7)afixwasimplementedtocorrectroughnesslengthsfornon-vegetatedareas.DocumentationfortheCommunityLandModel(CLM3.0)wasprovidedbyOlesonetal.(2004).ThesimulationsofCLM2.0couplingwiththeCommunityClimatearedescribedinBonanetal.(2002).ThesimulationsofCLM3.0withtheCommunityClimateSystemModel(CCSM3.0)aresummarizedintheSpecialIssueofJournalofClimatebyDickinsonetal.(2005),BonanandS.Levis(2005).
ConcurrentwiththedevelopmentoftheCommunityLandModel,theCLMinitialversionwasundergoingfurtherdevelopmentatGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyandBeijingNormalUniversityinleaftemperature,photosynthesisandstomatalcalculation.Big-leaftreatmentbyCLMinitialversionandCLM3.0thattreatacanopyasasingleleaftendtooverestimatefluxesofCO2andwatervapor.Modelsthatdifferentiatebetweensunlitandshadedleaveslargelyovercometheseproblems.Aone-layered,two-big-leafsubmodelforphotosynthesis,stomatalconductance,leaftemperature,andenergyfluxeswasnecessitatedtotheCLMinitialversionthatisnotintheCLM3.0.Itincludes1)animprovedtwostreamapproximationmodelofradiationtransferofthecanopy,withattentiontosingularitiesinitssolutionandwithseparateintegrationsofradiationabsorptionbysunlitandshadedfractionsofcanopy;2)aphotosynthesis–stomatalconductancemodelforsunlitandshadedleavesseparately,andforthesimultaneoustransfersofCO2andwatervaporintoandoutoftheleaf—leafphysiologicalproperties(i.e.,leafnitrogenconcentration,maximumpotentialelectrontransportrate,andhencephotosyntheticcapacity)varythroughouttheplantcanopyinresponsetotheradiation–weighttime-meanprofileofphotosyntheticallyactiveradiation(PAR),andthesoilwaterlimitationisappliedtobothmaximumratesofleafcarbonuptakebyRubiscoandelectrontransport,andthemodelscalesupfromleaftocanopyseparatelyforallsunlitandshadedleaves;3)awell-builtquasi-Newton–Raphsonmethodforsimultaneoussolutionoftemperaturesofthesunlitandshadedleaves.ForavoidingconfusionwiththeCommunityLandModel(CLM2.0,CLM3.0versions),wenamethisimprovedversionoftheCommonLandModelasCoLM.
ThiswassameasmodelnowsupportedatNCAR.NCARmadeextensivemodificationsmostlytomakemorecompatiblewithNCARCCMbutsomeforbetterbackcompatibilitywithpreviousworkwithNCARLSM. ForpurposeofusinginavarietyofotherGCMsandmesoscalemodels,thisaddsalayerofcomplexitythatmaybeunnecessary.ThuswehavecontinuedtestingfurtherdevelopmentswithCLMinitialversion.SomechangessuggestedbyLandModelworkinggroupsofCCSMarealsoimplemented,suchas,stabilitytermstotheformulationfor2-mairtemperature,anewformulationforvariableaerodynamicresistancewithcanopydensity.CoLMisradicallydifferentfromeitherCLMinitialversionorCLM2.0orCLM3.0,thedifferencescouldbesummarizedasfollows,
1)Twobigleafmodelforleaftemperatures,photosynthesis-stomatalresistance;
2)Two-streamapproximationforcanopyalbedoescalculationwiththesolutionforsingularitypoint,andthecalculationsforradiationfortheseparatedcanopy(sunlitandshaded);
3)Newnumericalschemeofiterationforleaftemperaturescalculation;
4)Newtreatmentforcanopyinterceptionwiththeconsiderationofthefractionofconvectionandlarge-scaleprecipitation;
5)Soilthermalandhydrologicalprocesseswiththeconsiderationofthedepthtobedrock;
6)Surfacerunoffandsub-surfacerunoff;
7)Rootingfractionandthewaterstressontranspiration;
8)Useagrasstile2mheightairtemperatureinplaceofanareaaverageformatchingtheroutinemeteorologicalobservation;
9)Perfectenergyandwaterbalancewithineverytime-step;
10)Aslabocean-seaicemodel;
11)TotallyCoLMcodingstructure.
ThedevelopmentofCoLMistryingtoprovideaversionforpublicuseandfurtherdevelopment,andsharetheimprovementcontributedbymanygroups.
ThesourcecodeanddatasetsrequiredtoruntheCoLMinofflinemodecanbeobtainedviathewebfrom:
http:
//globalchange.bnu.edu.
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