DS316美国诉欧盟大飞机补贴案.docx
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DS316美国诉欧盟大飞机补贴案.docx
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DS316美国诉欧盟大飞机补贴案
DS316:
美国诉欧盟影响民用大飞机贸易措施案
作者:
国际法学院学术网 来源:
WTO
Summaryofthedisputetodate
Consultations
ComplaintbytheUnitedStates(SeealsodisputeDS347).
On6October2004,theUnitedStatesrequestedconsultationswiththeGovernmentsofGermany,France,theUnitedKingdom,andSpain(the“memberStates”),andwiththeEuropeanCommunities(“EC”)concerningmeasuresaffectingtradeinlargecivilaircraft.
AccordingtotherequestforconsultationsfromtheUnitedStates,measuresbytheECandthememberStatesprovidesubsidiesthatareinconsistentwiththeirobligationsundertheSCMAgreementandGATT1994.Themeasuresinclude:
theprovisionoffinancingfordesignanddevelopmenttoAirbuscompanies(“launchaid”);theprovisionofgrantsandgovernment-providedgoodsandservicestodevelop,expand,andupgradeAirbusmanufacturingsitesforthedevelopmentandproductionoftheAirbusA380;theprovisionofloansonpreferentialterms;theassumptionandforgivenessofdebtresultingfromlaunchandotherlargecivilaircraftproductionanddevelopmentfinancing;theprovisionofequityinfusionsandgrants;theprovisionofresearchanddevelopmentloansandgrantsinsupportoflargecivilaircraftdevelopment,directlyforthebenefitofAirbus,andanyothermeasuresinvolvingafinancialcontributiontotheAirbuscompanies.ThesubsidiesinquestionincludethoserelatingtotheentirefamilyofAirbusproducts(A300throughtheA380)
TheUnitedStatesfurthernotesthatcertainlaunchaidprovidedfortheA340andA380appeartobeillegalexportsubsidiesincontraventionofcertainprovisionsofArticle3oftheSCMAgreement.
TheUnitedStatesisfurtherconcernedthatthemeasuresappeartobecausingadverseeffectstoUSinamannercontrarytotheprovisionsofArticles5and6oftheSCMAgreement.
TheUnitedStatesisalsoconcernedthatthemeasuresappeartobeinconsistentwithArticleXVI:
1ofGATT1994.
Finally,theUnitedStatesisconcernedthatthemeasureshavecausedandcontinuetocausenullificationorimpairmentofbenefitstotheUnitedStatesunderGATT1994withinthemeaningofArticleXXIII:
1.
On31 May 2005,theUnitedStatesrequestedtheestablishmentofapanel(专家组).Atitsmeetingon13 June2005,theDSB(theDisputeSettlementBody争端解决机构)deferredtheestablishmentofapanel.
PanelandAppellateBodyproceedings
Atitsmeetingon20July2005,theDSBestablishedapanel.Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,JapanandKoreareservedtheirthird-partyrights.
Atits 23September2005meeting,theDSBinitiatedtheproceduresprovidedinAnnexVoftheSCM Agreement.
On7October 2005,theUnitedStates requestedtheDirector-General(理事长)tocomposethepanel.On17October2005,DeputyDirectorAlejandroJara,actinginplaceoftheDirector-Generalwhorecusedhimselfonthismatter,composedthepanel.
On13April2006,theChairmanofthepanelinformedtheDSBthatthepanelwouldnotbeabletocompleteitsworkwithinsixmonthsduetothesubstantiveandproceduralcomplexitiesinvolvedinthisdispute,includingtheprocessofdevelopinginformationconcerningseriousprejudiceunderAnnexVoftheSCMAgreement,anotherrequestforconsultationsbytheUnitedStates,thepanel'ssubsequentagreement,attheparties'request,tosetasidetheoriginaltimetableforthedisputeuntilanunspecifieddateinthefuture,andanotherrequestfortheestablishmentofapanelbytheUnitedStates.ThePanelexpectedtocompleteitsworkin2007.On14December2007,theChairmanofthePanelinformedtheDSBthatduetothesubstantiveandproceduralcomplexitiesinvolvedinthisdispute,itnowexpectedtocompleteitsworkin2008.
On17October2008,theChairmanofthepanelinformedtheDSBthatdueto,interalia,thesubstantiveandproceduralcomplexities,andthevolumeofmaterialsinvolvedinthisdispute,itexpectedtocompleteitsworksin2009. On3 December2009,theChairmanofthepanelinformedtheDSBthatdueto,interalia,thesubstantiveandproceduralcomplexities,andthevolumeofmaterialsinvolvedinthisdispute,itnowexpectedtocompleteitsworkbeforetheendofApril2010.
Priortothepanelproceedings,aprocedureunderAnnexVoftheSCMAgreementforthecollectionofinformationonallegedsubsidiesthatarethesubjectofseriousprejudicecomplaintsundertheSCMAgreementwasconducted. Theprocedurewascommencedon23 September 2005bytheDSB,andinvolved,interalia,theexchangeofhundredsofquestionsandanswersbetweentheparties,underspecialproceduresforhandlingconfidentialandhighlysensitivebusinessinformation. TheFacilitatorsubmittedhisreporttothepanelon24February2006. Thereafter,thepaneltimetablewassetasideattherequestofthepartieson1March2006.TheUnitedStatesrequestedthepaneltorecommenceitsworkon4 September2006,whichitdid.
On30June2010,thepanelreportwascirculatedtoMembers.
Themeasuresatissueinthisdisputearemorethan300separateinstancesofallegedsubsidization,overaperiodofalmostfortyyears,bytheEuropeanCommunitiesandfourofitsmemberStates,France,Germany,SpainandtheUnitedKingdom,withrespecttolargecivilaircraft(“LCA”)developed,producedandsoldbythecompanyknowntodayasAirbus SAS. ThemeasuresthatarethesubjectoftheUScomplaint may begroupedintofivegeneralcategories:
(i) “LaunchAid”or“memberStateFinancing”(LA/MSF);(ii) loansfromtheEuropeanInvestmentBank;(iii) infrastructureandinfrastructure-relatedgrants;(iv) corporaterestructuringmeasures;and(v) researchandtechnologicaldevelopmentfunding. TheUnitedStatesclaimsthateachofthechallengedmeasuresisaspecificsubsidywithinthemeaningofArticles 1and2oftheSCM Agreement,andthattheEuropeanCommunitiesandthefourmemberStates,throughtheuseofthesesubsidies,causeadverseeffectstotheUSinterestswithinthemeaningofArticles 5and6oftheSCM Agreement. Inaddition,theUnitedStatesclaimsthatsevenofthechallengedLA/MSFmeasuresareprohibitedexportsubsidieswithinthemeaningofArticle 3oftheSCM Agreement.
BeforeevaluatingthesubstanceoftheUSclaims,thepanelresolvedanumberofpreliminaryissues,includingthetemporalscopeofthedispute,whethercertainmeasuresweresubjecttoconsultations,theadequacyoftheidentificationofmeasuresintherequestforestablishment,andrequestsforenhancedthirdpartyrights. Inaddition,withrespecttotheidentityofthesubsidyrecipient,thepanelconcludedthat,notwithstandingchangesincorporatestructure,AirbusSASwasthesameproducerofAirbusLCAastheAirbusIndustrieconsortium,andthatthereforealloftheallegedfinancialcontributionsprovidedtoentitiesintheAirbusIndustrieconsortiumfoundtoconstitutesubsidieswouldbeconsideredtosubsidizeAirbusLCA,andwouldbetakenintoaccountforpurposesoftheanalysisofadverseeffects. ThepanelalsorejectedtheEuropeanCommunities'argumentthatvarioustransactionshad“extinguished”or“extracted”thebenefitofsubsidies,orconstituted“withdrawal”ofsubsidies.
Turningtotheallegationsofsubsidization,thepanelfoundthateachofthechallengedLA/MSFmeasuresconstitutesaspecificsubsidy. However,thepanelfoundthattheUnitedStateshadfailedtoestablishtheexistence,asof July 2005,ofacommitmentofLA/MSFfortheA350constitutingaspecificsubsidy,andthattheUnitedStateshadfailedtodemonstratetheexistenceofa“LA/MSFProgramme”asadistinctmeasure,separatefromtheindividualgrantsofLA/MSF. Finally,thepanelconcludedthattheUnitedStateshadestablishedthattheGerman,SpanishandUKA380LA/MSFmeasuresaresubsidiescontingentinfactuponanticipatedexportperformance,andthereforeprohibitedexportsubsidies,butthatthefourothermeasureschallengeinthisrespectarenotprohibitedexportsubsidies,eitherinlaworinfact.
Thepanelfoundthateachofthe12challengedloansprovidedbytheEuropeanInvestmentBank(“EIB”)tovariousAirbusentitiesbetween1988and2002isasubsidy,butthatnoneofthesesubsidieswasspecific,andthereforedismissedtheUSclaimsinrespectoftheEIBloansfromfurtherconsideration.
Thepanelfoundthattheprovisionof(i)theMühlenbergerLochindustrialsite;(ii)thelengthenedrunwayattheBremenairport;and(iii)theZACAéroconstellationandassociatedEIGfacilities,constitutedtheprovisionofspecificgoodsandservicesotherthan“generalinfrastructure”andwerespecificsubsidies. ThepanelalsoconcludedthatthechallengedgrantsprovidedbynationalandregionalauthoritiesinGermanyandSpainfortheconstructionofmanufacturingandassemblyfacilitiesinseverallocationsinGermanyandSpainarespecificsubsidies. However,thepanelfoundthatroadimprovementsbyFrenchauthoritiesrelatedtotheZACAéroconstellationindustrialsiteweremeasuresofgeneralinfrastructure,andthusnotsubsidies,andthatGBP 19.5 millionprovidedtoAirbusUKinrespectofitsoperationsinBroughton,Wales,andagrantprovidedbythegovernmentofAndalusiatoAirbusinPuertoSantaMaria,werenotspecificsubsidies.
ThepanelfoundthattheacquisitionbyKreditanstaltfürWiederaufbau(“KfW”)ofa20 percentequityinterestinDeutscheAirbusin1989wasinconsistentwiththeusualinvestmentpracticeofprivateinvestorsinGermany,becausenoprivateinvestorseekingareasonablerateofreturnonitsinvestmentwouldhavemadetheequityinvestmentinDeutscheAirbuswhichKfWmadeatthetime,andthatthesubsequentsaleofthatinteresttoMesserschmitt-Bölkow-BlohmGmbH(“MBB”)in1992wasforconsiderablylessthanitsmarketvalue. Thepanelther
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