年考研英语真题doc文档格式.docx
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年考研英语真题doc文档格式.docx
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givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect,”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;
7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkersbehavior10itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored
2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off
3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments
6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work
7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion
9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by
11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed
12.[A]Contraryto[B]Consistentwith[C]Parallelwith[D]Peculiarto
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued
18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile
19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended
20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglishlanguagenewspapersduringthepastquartercentury,perhapsthemostfarreachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhighqualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbigcitynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneralcirculationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirtcheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefaroffdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’.”
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassicalmusiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabestseller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?
Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombigcitynewspapers.
[B]Englishlanguagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]highqualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.
[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
[A]Itiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“oneclick”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusinessmethodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectualpropertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusinessmethodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
Curbsonbusinessmethodclaimswouldbeadramaticaboutface,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisioninthesocalledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutualfundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusinessmethodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300businessmethodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheantipatenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Businessmethodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses.
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation.
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting.
[D]thecontroversyovertheirauthorization.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecis
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