高英一背景资料.docx
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高英一背景资料.docx
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高英一背景资料
TheMiddleEast(theNearEast):
→ItliesatthejunctureofEurasiaandAfricaandoftheMediterraneanSeaandtheIndianOcean.
→It’shometonumerousethicgroups.
→ItisthebirthplaceandspiritualcenteroftheChristianity,Islam,Judaism,andotherminorreligions.
→Ithasbeendiscoveredtocontainsometwothird(thesignificantstocksofcrudeoilgivestheregionnewstrategicandeconomicimportance.)
→Throughoutthehistory,ithasbeenamajorcenterofworldaffairsandastrategically,economically,political-ly,culturally,andreligiouslysensitivearea.Forexamples:
ItwasatheaterofideologicalstrugglebetweentheU.Sandthe
s/60%oftheworld’scrudeoil.
U.S.S.R.duringthecoldwar(1947-1990).
From1940sto1980sfivelarge-scaleIsraeli-PalestinianWars(i.e.theMiddleEastWars)
1980.9-1988.8Iraq–IranWar
1990.8-1991.2(Persion)GulfWar
2003.3-2010.8theU.SIraqWarandAfghanistanWar
aseriesofriotsinthe
region(2010.12Tunisiariot;
2011.1Egyptriot;2011.2Libyariot—currentLibyawar;2011.4-Syriariot;YemenandBahrain)
→Throughoutthe20thandintothe21stcentury,theregionhasexperiencedperiodsofconflictandwar.
Geographicalrange:
aregionthatencompassessouthwesternAsiaandEgypt.Inbroadsense,thetermhasrecentlybeenexpandedinusagetoincludetheCaucasusandCentralAsia,andNorthAfrica.(seethefollowingmapandnamethecountriesinthisarea)
Itspeoples:
includeArabs,Turks,Persians,Somalis,Jews,Kurds,Assyrians/Syriacs(Chaldo-Assyrians),EgyptianCopts,Maronites(Phoenicians),Armenians,Arameans,Azeris,Maltese,Circassians,Greeks,Turcomans,Shabaks,Yazidis,Mandeans,Georgians,Roma,Gagauz,Berbers,MhallamiandSamaritans.
Itsreligions:
Islaminitsmanyformsisbyfarthelargestreligion
intheMiddleEast,butotherfaiths,suchasJudaismandChristianity,arealsowellrepresented.TherearealsoimportantminorityreligionslikeZoroastrianism,Mandeanism,Druze,Yarsan,YazidismandShabakism.
→Islamliterallymeans“submission(toGod)”andisastrictlymonotheisticreligionarticulatedbytheQur’an.
→MuslimsbelievethatGod(MuhammadAllah)isoneandincomparableandthatthepurposeoflifeistoworshipGod.
About13%ofMuslimsliveinIndonesia,thelargestMuslimcountry,31%intheIndianSubcontinent,20%intheMiddleEastand15%inSub-saharanAfrica.
→Mosque(literallymeans“aplaceofprostration-anactofbowingorlyingfacedownwardstoshowsubmissionorhumility”)istheplaceforMuslimstopray/worshipaswellasacenterforinformation,education,anddisputesettlement.(seethepictures)
Itslanguages:
→Thethreetoplanguages,intermsofnumbersofspeakers,areArabic,PersianandTurkish.
→ArabicisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageintheMiddleEast,beingofficialinalltheArabcountries.
→Thesecond-mostwidelyspokenlanguageisPersian,whichisconfinedtoIran,oneoftheregion’slargestandmostpopulous.
→Englishiscommonlyspokenasasecondlanguage,especiallyamongthemiddleandupperclasses;FrenchisspokeninAlgeria,Egypt,Israel,Lebanon,Morocco,Syria,andTunisia.
Itseconomy:
→MiddleEasterneconomiesrangefrombeingverypoor(suchasGazaandYemen)toextremelywealthynations(suchasQatar,UAEandSaudiArabia
AccordingtotheWorldBank'sWorldDevelopmentIndicatorsdatabasepublishedonJuly1,2009,thethreelargestMiddleEasterneconomiesin2008wereTurkey($794,228,000,000),SaudiArabia($467,601,000,000)andIran($385,143,000,000)intermsofNominalGDP.InregardstonominalGDPpercapita,thehighestrankingcountriesareQatar($93,204),theUAE($55,028),Kuwait($45,920)andCyprus($32,745).).
→Thelowest-rankingcountryintheMiddleEast,intermsofpercapitaincome(PPP),istheautonomousPalestinianAuthorityofGazaandtheWestBank($1,100).
→TheeconomicstructureofMiddleEasternnationsaredifferentinthesensethatwhilesomenationsareheavilydependentonexportofonlyoilandoil-relatedproducts(suchasSaudiArabia,theUAEandKuwait),othershaveahighlydiverseeconomicbase(suchasCyprus,Israel,TurkeyandEgypt).
→WiththeexceptionofCyprus,Turkey,Egypt,LebanonandIsrael,tourismhasbeenarelativelyundevelopedareaoftheeconomy.
→UnemploymentisnotablyhighintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion,particularlyamongyoungpeopleaged15–29.
Itsbazaar:
→amarketorstreetofshopsandstandsintheorientalcountries
→thetypicalmarketsinthebazaar:
clothmarket,copper-smith’smarket,carpetmarket,foodmarket,dyemarket,potterymarketandcarpenter’smarket,etc.
→theeconomythesemarketsrepresent:
thebackwardfeudaleconomy/handicrafteconomy
2.WorldlyFamousBuildingStyles:
theGothic:
→thestyleofarchitecture,originatedinthenorthofFranceinthe12thcenturyandflourishedduringthehighandlatemedievalperiod.ItevolvedfromRomanesquearchitectureandwassucceededbyRenaissancearchitecture.
→It’scharacterizedbypointedarches,ribbedvaulting,steep,highroofs,etc.SuchstyleiswellembodiedintheCatholicchurches(suchastheAbbeyortheWeminsterAbbeyinLondon.Thesefeaturescreateanairofstoneskeletonandconveyatheologicalmessage:
thegreatgloryofGod.(tobesupplemented)seethepictures
TheByzantine:
→thearchitectureoftheByzantineEmpire(AD395),whichevolvedfromtheRomanesquearchitecture.
→Thefeaturesofthestyle:
1)vaulted/domeroof;2)thecentreofthewholestructureishighlightedandtheroofofthemainpartisroundvaultedandtheotherpartssurroundthecentre;3)there’sfourpointedcolomnssurroundingit;4)thecolourofthebuildinghasmuchvarietyandthecolourinsideandoutsideofthebuildingisunitedharmoniously.
SuchstylehasgreatinfluenceonthechurchesoftheSovietUnionandtheMosqueintheMuslim.ThetypicalofthestyleistheHagiaSophiaCathedralinIstanbul.seethepictures
theBaroque:
→originatedinItalyintheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthelate16thandearly17th.
→features:
1)stressesthebeautyofdynamic;2)characterizedbytheextravagantorluxuriousmosaicandcarvings;3)thecolouritusesisalwaysveryshiningorgorgeousorbrightordazzling.
→itpursuesthemannerorairofromance,freedomandnaturalness.(Manbecomesinsignificant,justlikepatternsorfigures.)seethepictures
GeographyofJapan
→anislandnationinEastAsia;LocatedinthePacificOcean,itliestotheeastoftheSeaofJapan,People'sRepublicofChina,NorthKorea,SouthKoreaandRussia.
→Fourmainislands:
(southtonorth)
Kyushu,Shikoku,HonshuandHokkaido
→theworld'sthird-largesteconomybynominalGDPandalsotheworld'sfourthlargestexporterandfourthlargestimporter.
→AccordingtobothUNandWHOestimates,Japanhasthelongestlifeexpectancyofanycountryintheworld.AccordingtotheUN,ithasthethirdlowestinfantmortalityrate.
BriefaccountofWWII
→Sept.1,1939HitlerinvadedPoland.
→Sep.3,1939BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany,officiallybeginningWWII.
→Later,S.U.InvadedPoland.
→Apr.1940GermanyinvadedDenmarkandNorway(tosecureshipmentsofironorefromSweden)
→May.10,1940,GermanyinvadedHolland,Belgium,andLuxembourg.
→June,1940,GermanyinvadedFrance.
→July,1940,Germanyblitz-attackedBritain.
→June,1941,heinvadedU.S.S.R.And6monthslater,invadedPearlHarbour.
→Sep.1943,Italysurrendered.
→May,1945,Germanysurrendered.
→Aug.15,1945.Japansurrendered.
→Sep.2,1945,WWIIendedwiththesignmentofInstrumentofsurrendered.
ThewarendedwiththetotalvictoryoftheAlliesoverGermanyandJapanin1945,withthe50milliontoover70millionfatalities.
WorldWarIIalteredthepoliticalalignmentandsocialstructureoftheworld.
TheUnitedNations(UN)wasestablishedtofosterinternationalcooperationandpreventfutureconflicts.
SovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesemergedasrivalsuperpowers,settingthestagefortheColdWar,whichlastedforthenext46years.
Meanwhile,theinfluenceofEuropeangreatpowersstartedtodecline,whilethedecolonisationofAsiaandAfricabegan.
Mostcountrieswhoseindustrieshadbeendamagedmovedtowardseconomicrecovery.
Mostcountrieswhoseindustrieshadbeendamagedmovedtowardseconomicrecovery.
Hiroshima
→onthedeltaattheheadofHiroshimaBay,andthecapitalandthechiefindustrialandpopulationcenterofHiroshimaprefecture
→Itbeganasasettlementaroundacastlebuiltin1593andtookthenameHiroshima(BroadIsland)fromitslocation.
→Itgotarapiddevelopmentin1889owingtoitsspecialposition.Inthatyear,themajorportfacilitieswerecompletedandfiveyearslaterthecitywaslinkedwithKobeandShiwonosekibyrail.
→CoalfromnorthernKyushuandfromforeignsourcessuppliedHiroshima’sironandsteelindustry,whoseproductsinturnwereutilizedinagrowingengineeringindustry,notablyinshipbuildingandthemanufactureofcarsandtrucks.
→BythebeginningoftheWorldWarTwo,Hiroshimawasthe7thlargestcityinJapan,withapopulationof350,000.
→Atthetimeofbombing,itwasacityofsomeindustrialandmilitarysignificance:
A.animportantsupplyandlogisticsbasefortheJapanesemilitary(i.e.Amajorrailcenterandproducerofwarmaterials,esp.weapons.)
B.acommunicationscenter,astoragepoint,anassemblyareafortroops(aregionalarmyheadquarters)
→OnAugust6,1945,thefirstatomicbombwasexplodeddroppedbytheU.S.airforcenearthecentreofHiroshima.(seethefollowingpictures)
→Theatomicbombdestroyedalmosteverythingwithinaradiusof6,000to8,000feet.
→Thedamagebeyondthisare
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