西方文明史(第五版)(精编普及版)教学课件第四章 The Transformations of the Classical WorldPPT文件格式下载.pptx
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西方文明史(第五版)(精编普及版)教学课件第四章 The Transformations of the Classical WorldPPT文件格式下载.pptx
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CHAPTER4THETRASFORMATIONOFTHECLASSICALWORLD192-500,CRISISOFTHETHIRDCENTURYTHETRIUMPHOFCHRISTIANITYHELLENIZATIONOFTHEEAST,ANCIENTROME,Spanningoverathousandyears,ancientRomewasacivilizationofconstantevolution.Thisgreatempireflourishedthroughinnovationandincorporationofthediverseculturestheyconquered,suchastheadoptionofLatinandgladiatorialcombat.Learnabouttheriseandfallofthisancientcivilizationandhowitsinfluencestillendurestoday.,ThischapterfollowstheprofoundpoliticalandsocialtransformationsthatturnedboththeRomanEmpireanditsbarbarianneighborsintoradicallynewsocietieswithdifferentpolitical,religious,andsocialorganizations.Bythesixthcentury,theeasternhalfoftheempirehadbecomeprofoundlyhellenized,whilethewesternhalfhaddisintegratedintonumerousRomano-barbariankingdomswithoutlosingitscloseidentitywithRome.,QUESTIONS,Isequalityofpowerthepre-conditionforculturalintegrationoftheEastandtheWestcivilizations?
@#@Whatisthespecialconditionforculturetoexpand?
@#@Carotandstick?
@#@Forceandculturemustgosidebyside?
@#@Orcultureshouldserveasthemeansof“dryinguptheswamp”policy?
@#@,I.CRISISOFTHETHIRDCENTURY,TheriseofthemilitaryEmpireondefensiveThebarbarianmenaceThelureofRomanculture,RADICALTRANSFORMATIONS,SuchcontrastsofpaganismandChristianity,barbarityandRomanculture,wereintegralpartsofanewRomanworld,onethatwascharacterizedbyradicaltransformationsofRomanandbarbarianculturethattookplaceinthetwocenturiesfollowingthedeathofMarcusAureliusin180.Acceleratingthisprocessofchangeandtransformationwasthecombinationofeventsthatarecollectivelyreferredtoasthecrisisofthethirdcentury.,CRISISOFROMANEMPIRE,FromthereignofSeptimiusSeverus(193211)tothetimeofDiocletian(284305),bothinternalandexternalchallengesshooktheRomanEmpire.Theempiresurvived,butitssocial,political,andeconomicstructureswereradicallytransformed.Sheersizewasafundamentalproblemfortheempire.Haphazardexpansioninmanyregionstothenorthandwest,forinstanceoverextendedthefrontiers.Thelaborandresourcesneededtomaintainthisvastterritorystrainedtheeconomicsystemoftheempire.Likeathreadstretchedtothebreakingpoint,thethinlineofbordergarrisonsandfortswasreadytosnap.,THEECONOMYOFTHEEMPIRE,Theeconomicsystemitselfwaspartofthereasonforthisstrainonresources.Forallofitscommercialnetworks,theeconomyoftheempireremainedtiedtoagriculture.Tothearistocratsoftheancientworld,agriculturewastheonlyhonorablesourceofwealth.Thegoalofthesuccessfulmerchantwastoliquidatehiscommercialassets,buyestates,andriseintotheleisuredlandholdingelite.Asaresult,liquidcapitalforeitherinvestmentortaxationwasalwaysscarce.,FAILUREOFASTABLEPOLITICALBASE,Thefailureoftheempiretodevelopastablepoliticalbasecomplicateditseconomicproblems.Intimesofemergency,imperialcontrolreliedonthepersonalpresenceandcommandoftheemperor.Astheempiregrew,itbecameimpossibleforthispresencetobefelteverywhere.Moreover,theempireneverdevelopedeitheraregularsystemofimperialsuccessionoranadequatepowerbase.Controlofthearmy,whichwastheultimatesourceofimperialpower,waspossibleonlyaslongastheemperorcouldleadhisarmiestovictory.,ANEMPIREONTHEDEFENSIVE,Thecentraladministrationoftheempiresimplycouldnotdealeffectivelywiththenumerousbarbarianattacks.Leftontheirown,regionalprovincialcommandersattimesevenheadedseparatistmovements.ProvincialaristocratswhodespairedofreceivinganyhelpfromdistantRomeoftensupportedthesepretenders.,THEBARBARIANMENACE,CompoundingtheinternalviolencethatthreatenedtodestroytheRomanEmpireweretheexternalattacksoftheGermanicbarbarians.TheseattacksreflectedchangeswithintheGermanicworldasprofoundasthosewithintheempire.BetweenthesecondandfifthcenturiestheGermanicworldwastransformedfromamosaicofsmall,decentralized,agriculturaltribesintoanumberofpowerfulmilitarytribalconfederationscapableofchallengingRomeitself.Wecannotunderstandtheimpactofthebarbariansontheempirewithoutunderstandingthesocialandpoliticalorganizationandthetransformationofthesepeoplelivingbeyondthefrontier.,THEEMPIRERESTORED,Bythelastdecadesofthethirdcentury,theempireseemedindangerofcrumblingundercombinedinternalandexternalpressure.Thatitdidnotwaslargelyduetotheeffortsofthesoldier-emperorGaiusAureliusValeriusDiocletianus,(270275),whowasabletorepulsethebarbarians,restoretheunityoftheempire,andthensetaboutstabilizingtheinternalimperialstructure.,DIOCLETIAN,THEGOD-EMPEROR,Diocletian(284305),aDalmatiansoldierwhohadrisenthroughtherankstobecomeemperor,completedtheprocessofstabilizationandreorganizationoftheimperialsystembe-gunbyAurelian.Theresultwasaregimethatinsomewaysincreasedimperialpowerandinotherwayssimplydidawaywiththepretensesthathadpreviouslymaskedtheemperorstrueposition.Nolongerwastheemperorprinceps,or“firstcitizen.”Nowhewasdominus,or“lord,”thetermofrespectusedbyslavesinaddressingtheirmasters.HealsoassumedthetitleofIovius,orJupiter,thusclaimingdivinestatus,anddemandedadorationasalivinggod.Diocletianrecognizedthattheempirewastoolargeandcomplexforonemantorule.Tosolvetheproblem,hedividedtheempireintoeasternandwesternparts,eachparttoberuledbybothanaugustusandajunioremperor,orcaesar.Diocletianwasaugustusintheeast,supportedbyhiscaesar,Galerian.InthewesttherulersweretheaugustusMaximianandhiscaesar,Constantius.,THETETRARCHY(四帝共治时期罗马帝国疆域图),Inadditiontothisconstitutionalreform,Diocletianen-actedorconsolidatedaseriesofmeasurestoimprovethefunc-tioningoftheimperialadministration.Hereorganizedandex-pandedthearmy,approximatelydoubledthenumberofprovinces,separatedtheirmilitaryandciviladministration,andgreatlyincreasedthenumberofbureaucratstoadministerthem.Heattemptedtostemrunawayinflationbyincreasingtheamountofsilverincoinsandfixingmaximumpricesandwagesthroughouttheempire.Herestructuredtheimperialtaxsystem,basingitonpaymentsingoodsandproduceinordertodistributetheburdenmoreequitablyamongallcitizensandtoavoidproblemsofcurrencydebasement.,CONSTANTINE,THEEMPEROROFGODVictoryandconversionConstantinople,CONSTANTINE,THEEMPEROROFGOD,In305,inthemidstoftheGreatPersecution,Diocletianandhisco-augustusMaximiantooktheextraordinarystepofabdicatinginfavoroftheirCaesars,GaleriansandConstantius.Thisabdicationwasintendedtoprovideforanorderlysuccession.Instead,thesonsofConstantiusandMaximian,Constantine(306337)andMaxentius(306312),drawingontheprejudiceoftheincreasinglybarbarianarmiestowardhereditarysuccession,setaboutwreckingthetetrarchy.Insodoing,theyplungedtheempireoncemoreintocivilwarastheyfoughtoverthewesternhalfoftheempire.,WHOWASCONSTANTINE?
@#@ConstantinemadeChristianitythemainreligionofRome,andcreatedConstantinople,whichbecamethemostpowerfulcityintheworld.EMPERORCONSTANTINE(CAA.D.280337)reignedoveramajortransitionintheRomanEmpireandmuchmore.HisacceptanceofChristianityandhisestablishmentofaneasterncapitalcity,whichwouldlaterbearhisname,markhisruleasasignificantpivotpointbetweenancienthistoryandtheMiddleAges.,TheRomanEmpirethatConstantinewasbornintowasoneofchaosandanarchy.Civilwars,invasions,anddiseasewererendingtheempiresobadlythattheeraisregardedastheCrisisoftheThirdCentury.EmperorDiocletiantriedtobringorderbydistributingpowertoafour-rulertetrarchythatwouldgovernthefourquartersoftheempire.Constantinesfather,ConstantiusI,wasoneoftherulers.,DIOCLETIANSPLANFELLAPART.,AfterthedeathofhisfatherinA.D.306,Constantinewasdeclaredemperorbyhisfatherssoldiers.Hespentthenext18yearsbattlingthethreeotherRomanrulershisrivalstobecomethesoleemperor.TheBattleofMilvianBridgeoutsideRomeinA.D.312wasawatershedmomentforConstantine.Hedefeatedonerival,hisbrother-in-lawMaxentius,andgainedthemantleofwesternRomanemperor.Butoffargreaterimportwasarevelationheexperiencedbeforethebattle.,CONSTANTINESCONVERSION,AccordingtoConstantinesbiographerEusebius,Constantineandhisforcessawacrossoflightinthesky,alongwiththeGreekwordsfor“Inthissignconquer.”Thatnight,ConstantinehadadreaminwhichChristreinforcedthemessage.TheemperormarkedtheChristiansymbolofthecrossonhissoldiersshields.WhenhetriumphedatMilvianBridge,heattributedthevictorytothegodoftheChristians.ModernscholarsstilldebatethetaleandwhetherConstantinesconversionwassincereorapoliticalmaneuver.,II.THETRIUMPHOFCHRISTIANITY,EmperorandchurchConversionThebarbarizationoftheWestTheHellenizationoftheEast,GROWINGIMPORTANCEOFCHRISTIANITYINTHEROMANEMPIR,VictoryinthewestcametoConstantinein312,whenhedefeatedandkilledMaxentiusinabattleattheMilvianBridgeoutsideRome.Constantineattributedhisvictorytoavisiontellinghimtopaintontheshieldsofhissoldiers.Forpagans,thissymbolwasthesolaremblemofthecultoftheUnconqueredSun.ForChristians,itwastheChi-Rho,formedfromthefirsttwolettersoftheGreekwordforChrist.Thenextyear,inMilan,ConstantinerescindedthepersecutionofChristiansandgrantedChristianclergythesameprivilegesthatpaganpriestsenjoyed.Constantinehimselfwasnotbaptizeduntilneardeath,acommonpracticeinantiquity.However,during
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