语法总结.docx
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语法总结.docx
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语法总结
历年真题语法总结
语法词汇:
主语:
subject谓语predicate宾语:
object:
direct/indirectobject直接宾语和间接宾语表语Predicative定语:
attribute定语从句attributiveclause状语:
adverbial:
time,cause,concession,purpose,manner同位语:
Appositiveinappositionto与...同位
补足语complement:
subjectcomplement,Objectcomplement
动名词:
theGerund分词:
Participle分句:
clause
Restrictivemodifier限定修饰语non-restrictivemodifier非限定修饰语
宾语从句:
ObjectClauses
状语从句:
AdverbialClauses
定语从句:
AttributiveClauses
表语从句:
PredictiveClauses
同位语从句;AppositiveClauses
时间状语从句;AdverbialClausesofTime
Tagquestion附加疑问句
Cleftsentence分裂句、强调句型
Coordinatedstructure并列结构
Direct/indirectspeech直接引语、间接引语
Concord一致RepetitionEllipsis
Substitution替代
一般现在时:
thesimplePresent一般过去时:
thesimplepast
一般将来时:
thesimpleFuture现在完成时:
thePresent/pastPerfect
现在进行时:
thePresent/pastprogressive
功能词和实义词functionwordandcontentword
Auxiliaryverb助动词:
Determiner限定词
Positivedegree原级comparative比较级superlativedegree最高级
Pronoun代词,preposition介词,conjunction连词,interjection感叹词,adjective形容词,adverb副词,noun名词number数词article冠词
PassivevoiceIndicativemood陈述语气
Modalauxiliary情态助动词
infinitive不定式-ingparticiple
pastparticiple
Imperativemood祈使语气
Subjunctivemood虚拟语气
Nounphrase(NP)
Verbphrase(VP)
Prepositionalphrase,adjectivephrase,adverbphrase,
Compoundsentence并列句
复杂句complexsentence
Compound-complexsentence并列复杂句
五种基本句型
Unitnoun:
Apieceofbread/aloafofbread
Apieceofnews/anitemofnews
Apieceofpaper/asheetofpaper
Apieceofinformation/apieceoffurniture/apieceofadvice/chalk
Aswarmofants,bees,locust/aflockofchickens,birds/apactofwolves/aschool,shoaloffish,whales,carp/agangofhooligans/alitterofkittens/aherdofcattle,elephants/acakeofsoap/abarofchocolate/adropofwater/anearofcorn/aflightofstairs/agrainofrice/tenheadofcattle/abenchofjudges/apail,bucketofwater/twospoonfulsofhotwater/atruckloadofsteel/abundleoffirewood/atroupeofactors/alumpofsugar/aspiralofmosquitoincense/asliceofmeat,bread/afitofanger,coughing,laughter,fever/apealofapplause,laughter,thunder/aflashofhope,light,lightning/adisplayofcourage,force,power,skill,fireworks,crackers/abunchofgrapes,flowers,bananas,keys,newspaper/abladeofgrass/abundleofmagazines,oldclothes/asuiteofrooms/aboardoftrustees;aboardofdirectors.理事会;董事会/abroodofchickens/alitterofpuppies/afleetoffishingboats,trucks[taxis]/aconstellationofartistsandwriters/apail,bucketofwater/aglassofbeer/fourlorryloadsofsand
1.虚拟语气
if条件句的虚拟语气
1.与现在事实相反时,其表现形式为:
if主语+v-ed,主语+would(或might,
Could,should)+v.
2.与将来事实相反时,其表现形式为:
if主语+should(动词过去式或weretov).,主语+Would(或might,could,should)+v.
2.与过去事实相反时,其表现形式为:
if主语+hadv-ed,主语+would(或
Might,could,should)+havev-ed.
错综时间句的虚拟语气
根据句意的需要,有的句子的主句为陈述语气,而从句为虚拟
语气.如:
Ifthismachineshouldfailtogivesatisfaction,weguaranteeto
refundthepurchasemoney.
假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示,而是隐含在上下文中。
表示暗含条件的方式有:
1.介词或介词短语,如:
without,butfor,butthat等。
Eg:
Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnotsucceededinourexperiment.
2.连词,如:
but,or,orelse等。
Eg:
Iwouldbemostgladtohelpyou,butI’mbusynow.
3.副词,如:
otherwise等。
Eg:
Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhave
telephonedhim.
4.比较等级。
Eg:
(1)Amorecarefulpersonwouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.
(2)Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishtheexperiment.
if的省略
(1)在正式文体中,当if条件句中含有助动词had,should或were时,
可以省略if,而将had,should或were提到句首,从而构成倒装虚拟句。
Werehetotelluseverything,wewouldtrytosolvethisproblem.
(2)如果if条件句是含not的否定句,省略if时,not不能与助动词had,
should或were同时提前。
Eg:
Haditnotbeenfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavefinishedthetask
aheadoftime.
(3)含有助动词should的虚拟条件句,也可用在主句是陈述语气或祈使语气的句子中.
Eg:
Ifthereshouldbeanotherflood,whatshouldwedo?
Askhertoleaveamessageifsheshouldcome.
1.Heleftordersthatnothing________toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.
A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe
2.I_____thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn'tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.
A.wouldenjoyB.willhaveenjoyed
C.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willbeenjoying
3.Itisnecessarythathe____theassignmentwithoutdelay.
A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin
4.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_____mucheasiertolearn.
A.couldhavebeenB.would'beC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen
5.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she________muchbetterresultsnow.
A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget
6.Ifonlythepatient________adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.
A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceiving
7.Lindawas________toexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.
A.tostartB.tohavestarted
C.tobestartingD.tohavebeenstarting
8.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam________hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues
9.IfonlyI________playtheguitaraswellasyou!
A.wouldB.couldC.shouldD.might
10.It'shightimewe________cuttingdowntherainforests.
A.stoppedB.hadtostopC.shallstopD.stop
11.Itisimperativethatthegovernment________moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.
A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hasto
12.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he________abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.
A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were
13.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe________us.Ithinkit'shightimewe________strongactionsagainsthim.
A.betrayed…takeB.hadbetrayed…took
C.hasbetrayed…tookD.hasbetrayed…take
14.________you________furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.
A.If,had.B.Have,had.C.Should,have.D.Incase,had.
15.________,I'llmarryhimallthesame.
A.Washerichorpoor.B.Whethererichorpoor.
C.Wereherichorpoor.D.Beherichorpoor.
16._______ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?
A.Wouldyoubesurprised.B.Wereyousurprised.
C.Hadyoubeensurprised.D.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised.
17.Itisimperativethatstudents________theirtermpapersontime.
A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin
18.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential________forthat.
A.forustobepreparedB.thatweareprepared
C.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared
19.________forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.
A.Haditnotbeen.B.Hadn'titbeen.C.Wasitnot.D.Wereitnot.
20."Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?
"
"Idon'tknow.Butit'sabouttime________onsomething."
A.I'ddecide.B.Idecided.C.Idecide.D.I'mdeciding.
21.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsoling,it'sabouttimeyou________abletowritelettersinEnglish.A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.are
22.Ifyourcar________anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.
A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed
23.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif________.
A.Iwasnotcalledaway.B.nobodywouldhavecalledmeaway
C.Ihadnotbeencalledaway.D.nobodycalledmeaway
24.___yourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.
A.UnlessB.ButforC.ExceptforD.Notfor
25.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers___smokeduringtheflight.
A.notB.neednotC.couldnotD.wouldnot
26.___youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.
A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.IrealizedthatD.AsIrealized
27.Sheaskedthatshe______allowedtoseehersoninpolicecustody.
A.wouldbeB.couldbeC.beD.was
3.情态动词
1.I_______writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymother’sillnessinterfered.Ihopeyouwillexcuseme.A.amtohavefinished
B.wastohavefinishedC.wastofinishD.oughttofinish
2.Themeeting'sbeencancelled.Ann______allthatwork.
A.needtodoB.needhaveC.needn'thavedoneD.needednottodo
3.He___the8:
20busbecausehedidn’tleavehometill8:
25.
A.couldn’thavecaughtB.oughttohavecaught
C.shouldn’thavecaughtD.mustnothavecaught
4.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we________soformally.
A.neednothavedressedupB.mustnothavedressedup
C.didnotneedtodressupD.mustnotdressup
5.“Shemustbeinthedormitorynow.”“No,she___bethere.Isawherintheclassroomaminuteago.”A.mustn’tB.can’tC.couldn’tD.wouldn’t
6.You________Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.
A.needn'thavetoldB.needn'ttellC.mustn'thavetoldD.mustn'ttell
7.Nancy'sgonetoworkbuthercar'sstillthere.She____bybus.
A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegone
C.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone
8.She_____fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.
A.hadbeenB.mustbeC.hasbeenD.musthavebeen
9.Aren'tyoutired?
I____youhaddoneenoughfortoday.
A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethought
C.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought
10.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpresses"probability"?
cause
A.Youmustleaveimmediately.B.Youmustbefeelingrathertired.
C.Youmustbeherebyeighto'clock.
D.Youmustcompletethereadingassignmentontime.
11.You________borrowmynotesprovidedyoutakecareofthem,'Itoldmyfriend.
A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can
12.She________fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherattheconference.
A.mustbeB.hadbeenC.couldbeD.musthavebeen
13.Hewouldhavefinishedhis
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