key to case studyWord文档格式.docx
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key to case studyWord文档格式.docx
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此为该教材部分Case的参考答案,特此申明!
Casestudy1
Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortstoachieveunderstanding.
WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard'
smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein."
InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroupandthattheorganizationitself--beitafamilyoravastcorporation--isvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard'
smistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Eveniftheothersknewthattheerrorswerenotintentional,itisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistohelpthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardonlytoapologizewouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservientandunmanly.
WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftailingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:
forAmericans,"
Helpyourself"
;
forEnglishcounterpart,"
Bemyguest."
AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertained,buttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho"
makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrinkForpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.
Case3
Thecaseindicatesthatdifferencesinculturalvaluesandbeliefscancauseaconflict.Forthestarter,MarydidnotrealizethatLuzsawherasamemberofthefamily.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeverymemberofthefamily.LuzlikemostDominicanpersonborrowswithoutaskingthepermissioneverytime.IfMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthecase,shewouldbecomemoretolerantofthis.Althoughshemightfinditalittlefrustratingwhenthesamethinghappenedagain,shehadtofindawaytocopewithherownemotionalandculturalreactionsaswellasherproblems.Ifnot,themisunderstandingwillneverend.
Case4
Itisamatterofdifferentrhythms.Americanpeoplehaveonlyonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations.Theyarefriendlyandcharitable.Peoplefromotherculturesmayhavedifferentrhythms,justlikeJapaneseyoungmaninthecase.Americanrhythmisratherrapid.Theyareinclinedtoacceptothersinafastpace.However,theyareunlikelytoengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Thefriendshipsamongthemarewarmbutcasualandspecific.Forinstance,youhaveaneighbordroppingbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner,becauseyouhaveseenherthatmorningandnotbecauseyouthinkshecouldnotuseafolkandaknife.Asaresult,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtosomeonewholivesinafartherpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.Butifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondfriendmovesnearby,youprobablywillreversethis.Youwillseethesecondfriendinthemorningforinformalcoffeeandinvitethefirstoneformallytodinner.
Americansareguidedfrequentlybytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendsreadilyandtheydon’tfeelnecessarytogototroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitisnotconvenientanditisnothurt.However,peoplefrommanyotherculturesinthesimilarcircumstancewillfeeldeeplyhurt.
Case5
InChinaitisnotpolitetoacceptthefirstoffersointhiscaseHepingLiuismodest,politeandwell-behaved.Heintendstoacceptthebeeratthesecondorthethirdoffer.Buthedoesn’tknowtheNorthAmericansdonotpushalcoholicbeverageonanyone.Amanmayrefusetodrinkforthereasonofreligionorallergy.Hemayalsobeareformedalcoholic.Whateverthereason,theydonotinsistonofferingalcohol.Therefore,theNorthAmericansdon’tmakeasecondoffertoHepingandHepingmaythinkstheyarenothospitable.
Therearealwaysindividualdifferencesamongpeoplefromthesameculture.TheyoungChinesenursemayknowsomethingabouttheAmericancultureandistodoastheAmericansdowhensheisinanAmericanfamily.
Case6
Whenaconversationbegins,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved---utterancemeaning,thespeaker’smeaningandthehearer’smeaning.Inthecase,whenLitzaskshowlonghermother-in-lawisgoingtostay,shemeansthatshewillenabletomakeaproperarrangementforhermother-in-lawifsheknowsthedurationofherstayinFinland.However,hermother-in-lawtakesLitz’squestionasahintofnotwantinghertostayforlong.InChineseeyes,itisinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterthearrivalofhermother-in-law.Ifshewantstoaskthequestion,itisbettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldneverlethermother-in-lawhearit.
Casestudy8
WhentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirls.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe"
shabby"
ChineseChristmas.That'
swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister'
sfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsleetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Howcouldshenoticethenthefoodschosenbyhermotherwereallherfavorites?
Fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatfoodisappropriateforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanner,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseone'
scutterisdifferentfromothers'
.AsAmy'
smothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.
Casestudy9
HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,athome,school,community,organizations,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.
Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;
however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfather’sdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeastandagainsthim.ThismaymanifesttherigidhierarchicalstructureintheJapanesesociety.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherobviouslyoverpoweredtheinexperiencedyoungchairman.Inotherwords,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwithelders’opinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.That’swhytheyoungchairmandidn’tsayanythingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.
ButPhilseemedtoknowlittleabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersmuchinsuchsituations,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.Unfortunately,hisoutspokenprotestcouldeasilyoffendthegrandfatherandhemightberegardedasarudeandill-bredpersonbyotherJapanese.
Case11
Thiscaseshowspossibleculturaldifferencesinpolitebehaviorandthedifferentemotionalreactiontounexpectedbehavior.
Peopleinmostcultureswillbelikelytoagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormstakeplace.Butpeopledifferinwhenandhowtoapologizeorthesituationthatcallsforanapology.Asfarastheforeignersconcerned,JapaneseapologizemoreoftenandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonacknowledgehisfault,whileintheviewofJapanese,theforeignersseemtoberudebecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenasJapanesedo.Inthiscase,theattitudeoftheAustralianstudent’sparentsshocksandinsultstheJapanesebutitcanbeacceptedinanEnglish-speakingsociety.Thatisbecausethestudentisalreadyanadultandisabletoberesponsibleforherdeeds.
Case12
Inthiscase,theChinesemayfeeldisappointedattheundueexpectations.
First,forthehierarchicallymindedChinese,twopeoplesharinghostresponsibilityisconfusing.Second,sinceageisgenerallyconsideredasanindicationofseniorityinChina,theChinesemayregardtheyouthofoneoftheirCanadianhostsasaslighttothem.Third,itisChinesetraditionforthehosttogiveawelcometoastatthebeginningoftheme
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