北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Word文档下载推荐.docx
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北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Word文档下载推荐.docx
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traditionalculturesorcommunity,orfostersilliteraciesinlearners'
firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?
Someapproachestoliteracyinstructionrepresentanideologyofindividualism,control,andcompetition.Consider,forexample,thedifferenceinvaluesconveyedandrepresentedwhenstudentsengageinchoralreadingversusthepracticeofhavingonestudentreadoutloudtothegroup.Toidentifyasaliteracyanimatoristochoosetheideologyof“sharing,solidarity,love,equity,co-operationwithandrespectofbothnatureandotherhumanbeings.”Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup.Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy,asopposedtomeasuringwhatanindividualcandoasareaderandwriteronastandardizedtest.Shor(1993)describesliteracyanimatorsasproblem-posing,community-based,dialogiceducators.Doourteacher-educationtextbooksonreadingandlanguageartspromotetheideathatteachersshouldexploreproblemsfromacommunity-baseddialogicperspective?
1.Aliteracyanimatorisonewho______.
A.strugglesforamoremeaningfullife
B.freespeoplefrompovertyandilliteracy
C.iscommittedtomarginalizetheilliterate
D.isconcernedwithwhatisbehindilliteracy
2.TheauthorsuggeststhatliteracyeducatorsintheUSinaway______.
A.promotestudents'
homelanguages
B.forcestudentstoaccepttheirculture
C.teachnothingbutreadingandwriting
D.considerliteracyasofnon-neutralnature
3.ArigbedeworkedwithNigeriansprobablyto______.
A.teachAmericancustomsandideology
B.makeachoiceofculturetobefostered
C.rejectthevaluesofthedominantclass
D.helpmaintainNigerianlanguageandculture
4.Accordingtotheauthor,“choralreading”mayrepresent______.
A.individualismB.collectivism
C.competitionD.immersion
5.Animatorideologyemphasizesmoreon______.
A.thesocialfunctionofliteracy
B.students'
performanceintests
C.thedominantgroup’slanguage
D.theattainmentoflifeskills
PassageTwo
Accordingtoonesurveyof12,000people,about30percentofthosemakingNewYear'
sresolutionssaytheydon'
tevenkeepthemintoFebruary.Andonlyabout1in5actuallystaysontrackforsixmonthsormore,reportsediets.com,aconsumerdietandfitnessWebsite.
Butdon'
tletthoseoddsmakeyoureachforthenearestbagofpotatochips.Expertssayyoucankeepthoseresolutionslongterm,evenifyou'
restrugglingnow.
“Themotivationcomesfromwithin,andsowhenyoufindthatyou'
redeclininginyourhealthyeatingprogram,andthenjustaskyourself,‘IsthisgoingtogetmetheresultsthatIwant?
'
”saysLeslieStewart,aregistereddietitianandlicensednutritionist.
“Andifyou'
redoingsomethingeverydaytoeathealthy,thenthat'
sgoingtopayoffinthelongrun.”
Stewartadvisestousewhatshecallsthe90-10eatingrule.
“Ifyou'
reeatinghealthy90percentofthetime,then10percentofthetime,youcancutyourselfsomeslackandeatpleasurably.”
Shesaysshebelievesthat“healthyeatingisevolutioninsteadofresolution.”
Thesameprinciplecanbeappliedtoalaggingexerciseresolution,too.
Stayingmotivatediskeytolong-termsuccess,andreviewingoriginalgoalscanhelpstrengthenaweakeningworkoutprogram.
Addingvarietytoafitnessregimealsocanpreventyoufromhangingupthoseexerciseshoes.Afterafewweeksofwell-intentionedworkouts,boredommaybecreepingyou'
reyourroutine.
Settinggoalstoohighisanothercommonmistake.“Ifyou'
renotrunningamarathonattheendofthemonth,don'
tworry,”sayMayoClinicexperts.Atoointenseworkout—andtheresultingpainandstiffness—isdiscouragingandmayforcemosttoabandonaprogram.Startingslowlyiskey.
Butifyourgoalsalreadyhavefallenbythewayside,Uriasaystostartupagainimmediately.
“AlittlesetbackisOK;
getbackonthehorseandride...drivetowardthatgoal,”hesays.
6.Accordingtotheauthor,onlyabout20%peoplekeepingtheirresolutionsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat______.
A.thefigureisratherdepressingandunexpectedaswell
B.thosewhohavemadetheirresolutionshouldgiveuptheireffort
C.whoeverkeeptheirresolutionsshouldstarteatingpotatochips
D.long-termresolutionsarenotimportantforthosefacingtroubles
7.Whatistheideabehindthe90-10eatingruleaccordingtothepassage?
A.Youshouldkeepeatinghealthy90%ofthetime.
B.Youshouldfeelfreetoeat10%ofthetime.
C.Youshouldlearntoeathealthygradually.
D.Suddenchangewillbemoreefficientandeffective.
8.Whichofthefollowingyoushouldavoidtokeepyourselfinterestedinexercise?
A.Hangingupyourexerciseshoesifyoufeeltired.
B.Keepingboredomawayfromyourdailyactivity.
C.Makingaschedulewithtoohighgoalsinit.
D.Runningamarathonatthebeginningofthemonth.
9.Howmanysuggestionsatleasthavebeenintroducedconcerningtheexerciseresolution?
A.Four.B.Five.C.Six.D.Seven.
10.Whatiscriticallyimportantinmakinglong-termresolutionssuccessful?
A.Youshouldbestrugglingwithyourselfallthetime.
B.Youshouldconstantlyevaluatetheresultsyouwant.
C.Youshouldtrytokeepyourselfmotivated.
D.Youshouldtryyourbesttodiversifyyourfitnesspractice.
PassageThree
Ourpresentgenerationofculturalcritics,arrivingaftertheassaultofpostmodernismandtheincreasinglywidespreadcommercializationofculture,hasbeencastadrift,withoutanyfirmbasisforjudgments.Publicationsandinstitutionstosupportseriouscriticism,inthisview,eithernolongerexistorarefewinnumber.
Criticstoday,itisalsoclaimed,aretoocozybehindtheiviedwallsofacademe,contenttoemployaprosestylethatisdecipherableonlytoahandfulofthecognoscenti.Thedeadlydiveofuniversitycriticsintotheshallowdepthsofpopularculture,moreover,revealstheunwillingnessofthesecriticstoupholdstandards.Evenifthereasonsofferedarecontradictory,theseJeremiahshuddlearoundtheirsadconclusionthatseriousculturalcriticismhasfallenintoamorassofpettybickeringandbloatedreputations.
Suchnarrativesofdeclension,astapleofAmericanintellectuallifesincethetimeofthePuritans,aremisplaced,self-serving,andhistoricallyinaccurateanddifficulttoprove.Hasthelevelofcriticismdeclinedinthelast50years?
Ofcoursethelogicofsuchanopiniondependsonthefiguresthatarebeingcontrastedwithoneanother.Anynumberofculturalcriticsthrivingtodaycouldbeinvokedtodemonstratethatculturalcriticismisaliveandwell.
Butmanynewandthrivingvenuesforcriticismanddebateexisttoday,andtheyarenotlimitedsolelytothediscussionofliteraryworks.Actually,theybecamesoencrustedwiththeirowncertitudeandpoliticaljudgmentsthattheybecamelargelyirrelevant.Todaythecomplaintisthatliteraryculturelackscivility.Weliveinanageofcommercialismandspectacle.Writersseekthelimelight,andonewaytobaskinitistopublishreviewsthatscorchthelandscape,withDalePeckasthefatuous,butnotatypical,caseinpoint.HeidiJulavits,inanessayinTheBeliever,lamentedthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.Shesurveyedaliteraryculturethathadembraced“snark”,hertermforhostile,self-servingreviews.
Thesnarkreview,accordingtoJulavits,eschewsaseriousengagementwithliteratureinfavorofasound-biteapproach,anattempttoturnthereviewintoaformofentertainmentakintofilmreviewsorrestaurantcritiques.Acriticfoundculturalcriticismtobein“criticalcondition.”Forhim,thepostmodernturnto,theory,initsquestioningofobjectivity,cutthecritical,independentgroundoutfromunderreviewers.Theriseofchainbookstoresandblockbusterbestsellersdemeanedliteraryculture,makingitpreytothecommercialvaluesofthemarketandentertainment.
Thecriticismdoesnotseemdiscontinuous.NorshouldweforgetthatcivilityrarelyreignedinthecirclesofNewYorkintellectuals.TheartcriticClementGreenbergphysicallypummeled
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