公共英语课件1 1Word下载.docx
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公共英语课件1 1Word下载.docx
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LeisureActivitiesintheUK
L
eisureactivitiesinearliercenturieswerelargelyconditionedbytheruralandagriculturalnatureofBritishlife.Villagecommunitieswereisolatedandtransportwaseitherpoorornonexistent.Peoplewereconsequentlyrestrictedtotheirvillagesandobligedtocreatetheirownentertainments.Someoftheactivitieswerehome-based,whileotherswereenjoyedbythewholevillage.Thesemightbeaddedtobyitinerantplayers,whotravelledthecountrysideandprovidedarangeofalternativespectatorentertainments.
Improvedtransportationandroadconditionsfromtheeighteenthcenturyonwardsenabledtheruralpopulationtotraveltoneighbouringtownswheretheytookadvantageofavarietyofamusements.Spectatoractivitiesincreasedwiththeindustrializationofthenineteenthcentury,astheatre,themusichallsandsportsdevelopedandbecameavailabletomorepeople.Theestablishmentsofrailwaysystemsandtheformationofbuscompaniesinitiatedthepatternofcheapone-daytripsaroundthecountryandtotheseaside,whichweretogrowintothemasscharterandpackagetoursofcontemporaryBritain.Thearrivalofradio,filmsandtelevisioninthetwentiethcenturyresultedinafurtherhugeprofessionalentertainmentsindustry.Inallthesechanges,themixtureofparticipatory,spectatorandhome-basedleisureactivitieshascontinued.
Manycontemporarypursuitshavetheirrootsintheculturalandsocialbehaviourofthepast,suchasboxing,wrestling,cricket,football,andawiderangeofathleticsports.Dancing,amateurtheatreandmusicaleventswereessentialpartsofrurallife,andwereoftenassociatedwiththechangingagriculturalseasons.Thetraditionsofhunting,shootingandfishinghavelongbeenpracticedinBritishcountrylife,inadditiontoanumberofbloodsports,suchasdogandcockfightingandbearbaiting,whicharenowillegal.
ThereisawidevarietyofsportsinBritaintoday,whichcaterforlargenumbersofspectatorsandparticipators.Someoftheseareminoritysports,whileothersappealtomajoritytastes.Amateurandprofessionalfootball(soccer)isplayedthroughoutmostoftheyear,andalsoatinternationallevel.Theprofessionalgamehasdevelopedintoalarge,family-orientedspectatorsport,buthassufferedinrecentyearsfromhooliganism,decliningattendancesandfinancialcrises.Rugbyfootballisapopularwinterpastime,andisdividedintotwocodes.RugbyUnionisconfinedtoamateurclubs,whileRugbyLeagueisplayedbyprofessionalteams,mainlyinthenorthofEngland.Bothtypesofrugbyarealsoplayedinternationally.CricketisasummersportinBritain,buttheEnglandteamalsoplaysinthewintermonthsincommonwealthcountries.Itisbothanamateurandprofessionalsport.TheseniorgameisnowmainlyprofessionalandislargelyconfinedtotheEnglishandWelshcountrysideswhichplayinthecountrychampionships.
TherearemanyothersportswhichreflectthediversityofinterestsinBritishlife.Amongthesearegolf,horseracing,hunting,riding,fishing,shooting,tennis,hockey,bowls,darts,snooker,athletics,swimming,sailing,mountaineering,walking,icesports,motor-carandmotor-cycleracing,andrallydriving.Americanfootballandbasketballareincreasinglypopularduetotelevisionexposure.
Thesportingnotionof"
ahealthymindinahealthybody"
haslongbeenaprincipleofBritisheducation.Allschoolsaresupposedtoprovidephysicalrecreation,andareasonablerangeofsportsisusuallyavailableforschoolchildren.Schoolsmayplaysoccer,rugby,hockeyornetballduringthesummer.Someschoolsmaybebetterprovidedwithsportingfacilitiesthanothers,andofferawiderrangeofsports.However,therehavebeenrecentcomplaintsfromparentsthatteamgamesandcompetitivesportsaredeclininginstateschools.Schoolreorganizationandthecreationoflargecomprehensivehavereducedtheamountofinter-schoolcompetition,whichusedtobeafeatureofeducation;
someleft-wingcouncilsareapparentlyopposedtocompetitiveexpression;
thereisashortageofplayingfields;
andalackofadequateequipment.Thepositionisparticularlyacuteintheinnercityareas,andisofconcerntothoseparentswhofeelthattheirchildrenarebeingpreventedfromexpressingtheirnormalphysicalnatures.Theymaintainthatthestateschoolsystemisfailingtoprovidesportingprovisionforchildren,andsomeparentsturntotheindependentsector,whichisusuallywell-providedwithsportsfacilities.
The"
arts"
oncehadasomewhatpreciousandexclusiveimageassociatedwithnotionsofhighculture,whichwereusuallytheprovinceofthemiddleandupperclasses.Thegrowthofmassandpopularculturehasincreasedthepotentialaudienceforawiderrangeofculturalactivities,andtheavailabilityandscopeoftheartshasspreadtogreaternumbersofpeople.Popconcerts,folkandethnicmusic,andyouthculturepastimesoccupyaconsiderableamountofyoungpeople'
sleisuretime,aswellascontributingtotrade,exportsandtheBritishimagenationallyandinternationally.Theseactivitiesmaybeamateurorprofessionalandcontinuethemixtureofparticipatory,spectatorandhome-basedentertainment.
ThereisawiderangeofmuseumsandartgalleriesinBritain,whichprovideforavarietyoftastes.Inthepast,entrytomostofthepublicmuseumswasfreeofcharge,butinrecentyearsentrancefeeshavebeenchargedforsomeinstitutions.Thisdevelopmenthasledtonationaleducationalandculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailabletoallwithoutcharge.Butmuseumsandartgalleriesarealsofindingitdifficulttooperateonlimitedfunds,andaredependentonlocalgovernmentgrantsandArtsCouncilsubsidies.
Inadditiontotheseculturalandsportingpastimes,theBritishenjoyavarietyofotherleisureactivities.Morepeoplehavemorefreetime,whichresultsfroma35-40-hourworkingweek,andmorediversifiedopportunitiesarenowavailable.
Do-it-yourselfhobbies,suchashousepainting,decoratingandgardening,areverypopular,asaregoingoutformealsandvisitingthepub.Thepub,asaninstitution,haschangedgroupsandtastes.Thelicensinghours,whichapplytoopentimesforthesaleofalcohol,havebeenliberalizedbythegovernmenttobringEnglandandWalesintolinewithScotland.Butinrecentyears,theestablishmentofwinebars,variousformsofclubs,discothequesanddancehallshasmeantaconsiderableamountofcompetitionforthetraditionalpub.
HolidaysandwheretospendthemhavebecomeanimportantpartofBritishlife,accompaniedbymoreleisuretimeandmoneyforthemajorityofthepeople.ManypeopleprefertoorganizetheirownholidaysandmakeuseofthegoodairandseacommunicationsbetweenBritainandthecontinent.InBritainitself,differentformsofholidayexist,fromthetraditional"
Bed&
Breakfast"
ataseasideboardinghouse,tohotels,caravansitesandcamping.Increasedcarownershiphasallowedgreatertravelpossibilities.Today,morethanthree-fifthsofhouseholdshavetheuseofatleastonecar,and16percenthavetwoormore.
Apublicopinionpollin1990showedthatBritain'
sculturallifewasthriving,andthatalargenumberofpeopleparticipatedinavarietyofavailablepastimes.Wecanreportthatthenationisinnotelly-inducedtrance.Itstastesmixwatchinganddoing,"
high"
and"
low"
cultures,witharichnessthatcontradictsthestereotypesoftheBritishasdividedbetweenmindlesslagerloutsandequallymoney-grubbingconsumers.Themixwehavefoundwillnotpleaseeverybody.Notenoughfootballforsome,notenoughoperaforothers.Butthatiswhatweshouldexpectinthecultureofawholenation.
(adaptedfromReadingCourseforCollegeEnglish)
PassageB
Sometakeitforgrantedthatloveisblindandloveiswithoutreasons.Dr.JoyceBrothersgivesaninsightfulanalysisofwhywelovewhowelove.
WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove
Dr.JoyceBrothers
H
aveyoueverknownamarriedcouplethatjustdidn'
tseemasthoughtheyshouldfittogether--yettheyarebothhappyinthemarriage,andyoucan'
tfigureoutwhy?
Iknowofonecouple:
Heisaburlyex-athletewho,inadditiontobeingasuccessfulsalesman,coachesLittleLeague,isactiveinhisRotaryClubandplaysgolfeverySaturdaywithfriends.Meanwhile,hiswifeispetite,quietandacompletehomebody.Shedoesn'
tevenliketogoouttodinner.
Whatmysteriousforcedrivesusintothearmsofoneperson,whilepushingusawayfromanotherwhomightappearequallydesirabletoanyunbiasedobserver?
Ofthemanyfactorsinfluencingourideaoftheperfectmate,oneofthemosttelling,accordingtoJohnMoney,professoremeritusofmedicalpsychologyandpediatricsatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,iswhathecallsour"
lovemap"
--agroupofmessagesencodedinourbrainsthatdescribesourlikesanddislikes.Itshowsourpreferencesinhairandeyecolor,invoice,smell,bodybuild.Italsorecordsthekindofpersonalitythatappealstous,whetherit'
sthewarmandfriendlytypeorthestrong,silenttype.Inshort,wefallforandpursuethosepeoplewhomostclearlyfitourlovemap.Andthislovemapislargelydeterminedinchildhood.Byageeight,thepatternforouridealmatehasalreadybeguntofloataroundinourbrains.
WhenIlecture,Ioftenaskcouplesintheaudiencewhatdrewthemtotheirdatesormates.Answersrangefrom"
She'
sstrongandindependent"
Igoforredheads"
to"
Ilovehissenseofhumor"
Thatcrookedsmile,that'
swhatdidit."
Ibelievewh
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