外文翻译Word格式.docx
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外文翻译Word格式.docx
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BoroomandMasoud
DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,HafezAvenue,P.O.Box15875-4413,Tehran,Irane-mail:
boromand@aut.ac.ir
TaeibiRahniMohammad
DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,SharifUniversityofTechnology,AzadiAvenue,P.O.Box11365-11155,Tehran,Irane-mail:
taeibi@sharif.ac.ir
Three-dimensionalsteadyandunsteady(pulsating)compressibleflowsinavane-lessturbochargerturbineofa1.7literSIenginearesimulatednumerically,andtheresultsarevalidatedexperimentallyusingaturbochargedon-enginetestcell.Simulationsarecarriedoutfora720_enginecycleatthreeenginespeeds,andthecompleteformsofvoluteandrotorvanesaremodeled.Twowaysformodelingtherotatingwheel,multiplereferenceframes(MRF),andslidingmesh(SM)techniquesarealsoexamined.Finally,theeffectsofpulsatingflowontheturbochargerturbineperformanceparameters(TTPP)suchastheinletstaticpressure,reducedmassflowrate,andefficiencyareobtainedandcomparedwiththeirvaluesundersteadyflow.TheresultsshowthattheaccuracyofsteadycharacteristicmaptoestimatetheTTPPshassomesourceofambiguity,whichshouldbeconsideredfordetailedanalysis.TTPPvaluesundersteadyflowconditionsarefoundtobesignificantlydeviatedfromtheunsteadyresults.Thesedeviationsaredecreasedastheenginespeedincreases.
Keywords:
computationalfluiddynamics,unsteadyflow,compressibleflow,SI-engine,simulation
1Introduction
Theusualpulsatingflowintheexhaustgasofanautomotivepowertrainsystemcausesanunsteadyflowattheinlettotheturbochargerturbine.Inafourcylinderfourstrokeengine,thepulsefrequencyvariesbetween30to166Hz,whichisequivalenttoanenginespeedof900to5000rpm.TheturbochargerturbineisusuallytestedundersteadyflowbymanufacturersandcharacteristiccurvesofturbinesdonotmatchwiththeTTPPsbecausethemassflowrate,pressures,andtemperaturesvarywithtime.ThereareseveralwaystoevaluatetheTTPPs:
(i)Theexperimentalmethod,whichisveryexpensiveandlengthyandisrecommendedonlyforvalidationofcalculations.(ii)The1Dunsteadyflowsimulation,whichusesthesteadyflowcharacteristicmapoftheturbineandrequiresconsiderableattentioninmodelingreal3Dphenomenaina1Denvironment.(iii)The3Dsteadyflowsimulation,whichignoresthepulsatingfloweffects.(iv)Finally,the3Dunsteady(pulsating)flowsimulation,whichismorepracticalcomparedwiththeabovementionedmethods,asitwillbeshowninthisreport.
Severalinvestigationshavebeenperformedabouttheturbineperformanceunderinletpulsatingflow.CapobiancoandGambarotta[1]usedasmallturbochargerengineandmeasuredthepowerofturbineunderthepulsatingflowandconcludedthattheefficiencywas15–20%higherthanthatundersteadyflow.Arcoumanisetal.[2]showedthatthepulse-turbochargedsystemsproducingaturbineoperatingenvironmentisdominatedbyunsteadyflowandthatthemechanicalinertiaoftheshaftandwheelsservestoholdrotationalspeednearlyconstant.Chenetal.[3]indicatedthattheunsteadymodelisbetterforpredictingtheturbineflowbehaviorthanaquasi-studymodel.Elrich[4]performedextensivemeasurementsonasixcylinderdieselenginetoanalyzetheonengineturbineperformance.Theexperimentsshowedthattheflowvelocity,temperature,andpressurewithintheexhaustmanifoldandturbinepropagatewithdifferentvelocities.Arcoumanisetal.[5]derivedinstantaneousefficiencyforamixed-flowturbineusingtwodifferentmethodsofphaseshifting.Resultsshowedthatthemethodusedforphaseshiftinghasasignificanteffectonthederivedinstantaneousefficiency,andthecycleaveragedisentropicefficiencieswerehigherforamixed-flowturbinecomparedtoaradialturbine.HuandLawless[6]developedaturbinemodel,butwerenotabletoshowanyrelationshipbetweenthesimulationsandEhrlich’smeasurements.Lametal.[7]didacomplete3DCFDcalculationofunsteadyflowinaradialturbochargerturbine.Theyshowedthatthepulseamplitudeisdampedquiteheavilythroughthevoluteandnozzlevanes.Costalletal.[8]andRajooandMartinez-Botas[9]studiedtheinstantaneousefficiencyofamixedflowturbineunderpulsatingflowandpresentedagoodcorrelationbetweenthepressuresmeasuredatdifferentlocationsoftheturbine.HellstromandFuchs[10]modeledpulsatingandnonpulsating3DflowsintheturbinepartoftheradialturbochargerusingReynoldsaveragedNavier-Stokes(RANS)andlargeeddysimulations(LES).CapobiancoandMarelli[11]carriedoutanexperimentalinvestigationintoasmallturbochargerturbinefittedwithawaste-gatevalve.Theturbineperformancewasmeasuredunderbothsteadyandunsteadyflowoperation.Particularattentionwasgiventopulsatingflowperformanceevaluatedusingtheinstantaneousparameters.Theeffectofflowunsteadinessonturbinebehaviorwasanalyzed.Copelandetal.[12]presentedtheexperimentalperformanceevaluationofacircumferentiallydivided,double-entryturbochargerturbine.Oneoftheprincipalobjectiveswastoassessthedegreetowhichtheunsteadyperformancediffersfromthequasi-steadyassumption.Chiongetal.[13]presentedtheappropriateinletboundaryconditionmsettingsforturbochargerturbineunsteadyperformancepredictionusing1Dmodelingwithoutthefullaccesstopulsatingengineexhaustflowparameter.Allboundaryconditionsshowedacceptableunsteadyturbinenondimensionalparameterprediction,particularlythehysteresisofunsteadyturbineswallowingcapacityperformance.MacekandVitek[14]developedatoolimprovingtheaccuracyofturbochargerturbinesimulationduringmatchingofaturbochargertoanengine.RajooandMartinez-Botas[15]showedaturbochargerturbinewithanozzlebehavingdifferentlyfromanozzle-lessturbineunderpulsatingflow.
Thepresentreportisfocusedonthesimulationoftheturbineperformanceunder3Dsteadyandunsteadycompressibleflow,andtheresultsarevalidatedexperimentally.Therotatingwheelismodeledusingmultiplereferenceframesandslidingmeshtechniques.
2ModelSetup
2.1TurbineGeometry.Avane-lessturbochargerturbineofa1.7literSIengineismodeledatthreeoperatingenginespeedsof998,2500,and5000rpm.Table1showsthemaingeometricparametersoftheturbine.
TheCADmodeloftheturbochargerturbine,whichwaspreparedbyCatiaVersion5R18andmodifiedbyAnsysDesignModelerV12.0,isshowninFig.1.Theturbineiscomprisedofbothsolid(turbineblades)andfluidregions.Thegapbetweentheturbinerotorvanesandtheshroudisneglected.
2.2TurbineEfficiencyCalculations.Theinstantaneousturbineefficiencyisvariedandbecomespulsatingattheturbineinletandisdefinedas
(1.1)
Andthemeanefficiencyoftheturbineisdefinedas
(1.2)
Theinstantaneousactualpowerisdefinedas
(2)
Theinstantaneousisentropicturbinepowerisdefinedas
(3)
Themeanvaluesof
and
arecalculatedasaveragevaluesfortheworkingtemperaturerangeoftheturbine.
Themeanvaluesofactualandisentropicturbinepowersaredefinedas
(4)
(5)
3NumericalModeling
3.1GoverningEquations.Theunsteadyconservationformofmass,momentum,andenergyequationsinstationaryframeofreferenceareasfollows:
(6)
(7)
(8)
Wherethestresstensorisrelatedtothestrainratesby
(9)
Andthesourcetermofmomentum,is
expressedby
Thesourceofthemomentumequationcontainstwoaccelerationterms:
theCoriolisacceleration--
andthecentripetalacceleration--
.Where
and
arethelocationvector,therelativeframevelocity(thatis,therotatingframevelocityforarotatingframeofreference),andtheangularvelocity,respectively.
3.2TurbulenceModeling.Oneofthemostprominentturbulencemodels,the
model,hasbeenimplementedinmostgeneralpurposeCFDcodesandisconsideredasastandardmodelinmanyflowsimulationcasesbecauseofitsstability,numericalrobustness,anditswellestablishedregimeofpredictivecapability.Previousinvestigationshaveshownthatthismodelwithallitscapabilitiesmaynotbesuitableforapplicationssuchasrotatingfluidflowinaturbinewhereasuddenchangeinstrainmayoccur[16,17].Forthisreason,theRNG
modelrecommendedbysomeresearchers[4,7,18]hasbeenused.
3.3GridGeneration.Intheproposedsimulation,theuseofanunstructuredtetrahedralgridhasbeendecidedonduetoitsgreateradaptationtothegeometry.Innear-wallregions,boundarylayereffectsgiverisetovelocitygradients,whichhavethegreatestnormaltothemeshface.Computationallyefficientmeshesintheseregionsrequirethattheelementshavehighaspectratios.Iftetrahedralmeshesareused,thenaprohibitivelyfinesurfacemeshmayberequiredtoavoidgeneratinghighlydistortedtetrahedralelementsatthemeshface.So,sixinflationlayersnearthewallsaredefined.Figure2showstheunstructuredtetrahedralmeshesontheturbinecasingandtheturbineblades.
3.4BoundaryConditions.Unfortunately,thetestcellcannotmeasuretheunsteadymassflowrateandthestagnationtemperature,so1DflowsimulationisdoneusingtheGT-SuiteV6.0commercialsoftwarefromGamma-Technologiestopreparetheboundaryconditionsfor3Dflowsimulations.
Figure3showstheschematicdiagramfora1
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