english literature history.docx
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english literature history.docx
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englishliteraturehistory
Chapter1EnglishLiteratureoftheAnglo-SaxonPeriod
I.TheHistoricalBackground
Anglo-SaxonEngland
◆BeforetheGermanicinvasions
Celts—Celtictribes(“Britannia”:
subjugatedbyRome)
◆2.AftertheGermanicInvasion--“Independence"fromRome
1.The"adventusSaxonum,"orthecomingoftheSaxons:
2.TheFoedarati,RomanmercenariesofGermanorigin
3.HengestarrivedontheshoresofBritainwith"3keels"ofwarriorsin450A.D.
4.TheFoedarati:
theconqueror(thesouthernandeasternshoresofthecountry).
5.TheBritons(thenorthandwest).
“wealas”(Welsh).
TheAngles:
◆AlthoughthereweremanydifferentGermanictribesmigratingtoEngland,severalstoodoutfromamongtheothers,suchastheAngles,Saxons,Jutes,Frisians,andFranks.
TheAngles:
Denmark
TheSaxons:
northernGermany.
TheJutes:
theJutlandpeninsula,(or,nearthemouthoftheRhineriver).
TheFrisiansandFranks:
theLowCountriesandnorth-westernGermany.
◆SoonaftertheGermanicinvasions,theinhabitantsgavetheirsettlementsnewnames.
1.ThemostcommonSaxonplacenamesarethoseendingin-ton(fencedarea),-wick(dwelling),-ham(home),-worth(homestead),-den(pasture),-hurst(woodedhill),and–burn(stream).
2.Somesettlementnamesbeganwithmorethanonewordwhicheitherstatedpersonalpossessionordescribedaphysicaldescriptionoftheareaandwouldlaterevolveintooneword.OneexampleofthisevolutionwouldbethewordChathamwhichwasoriginallyCeatta'sHam(Ceatta'shome).
ConversiontoChristianity:
◆Theendofthesixthcentury:
◆AChristianmissionledbyoftheRomanchurch,
◆Christianity:
areligionoftheBook(literacy)
Note:
AlargenumberofLatinwordswasintroducedasaresultofthespreadofChristianity.
The8thcenturyandthebeginningoftheVikingraids:
◆ThefirstmajorraidbyVikingsoccurredintheyear793.TheVikingswouldcontinuemajorraidsalongmostofthesouthernandeasterncoastsofEnglandforadecade.
◆Theyalsointroducedmanynewnamesastheyfoundednewsettlementswithendingssuchas-scale,-beck,-by,and-fell.OneexampleofasettlementnamewouldbePortinscaleor'Prostitute'shut'.
EnglishSurnames:
◆Anglo-Saxonsdistinguishedtwopersonswiththesamenamebyaddingeithertheplacetheycamefromorthejobtheydidtotheirfirstname.
ModernsurnamessuchasBaxter,Baker,Weaver,Fisher,Fowler,Hunter,andFarmerareAnglo-Saxoninorigin.
◆TheVikingshadadifferentwayofdistinguishingbetweenpeopleofthesamename.Theyaddedthenameoftheperson'sfatherormothertothechild'sname.
Asanexample,Harald,thesonofErikwouldbeknownasHaraldErik'sson,oraswewouldsayittoday,HaraldErikson.
OftenVikingfamiliesalternatedthenameoftheeldestsothatArnGunnarsonmightbethefatherandsonofGunnarArnson,andthegrandfatherandgrandsonofArnGunnarson.
The9thcentury:
Duringtheninthcentury,theDanesbeganaseriesofmajorraidsonthewholeofEngland.
AlfredofWessex
◆InA.D.886,AlfredtheGreatcapturedLondonfromtheDanes.ThenameEnglalande("thelandoftheAngles")wasusedattheendofthiscentury.
◆“TheKingdomofEngland”wascreatedbyAnglo-Saxonpoliticians,soldiers,andchurchmanaroundthe9thand10thcentury.
The10thcentury:
EnglishUnification
II.EnglishLiteratureoftheAnglo-SaxonPeriod
•1.Beowulf
•2.Caedmon:
Paraphrase
•3.VenerableBede:
TheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople
•4.KingAlfredtheGreat:
TheAnglo-SaxonChronicle
Epic
◆alengthynarrativepoeminwhichtheaction,characters,andlanguageareonaheroiclevelandthestyleisexaltedandevenmajestic.Earlyepicsoftenstemmedfromoraltraditions.Themajorcharacteristicsofanepicare:
1.asettingremoteintimeandplace
2.anobjective,lofty,dignifiedstyle
3.acentralincidentorseriesofincidentsdealingwithlegendaryortraditionalmaterial
4.athemeinvolvinguniversalhumanproblems
5.atoweringheroofgreatstature
6.superhumanstrengthofbody,character,ormind
7.superhumanforcesenteringtheaction
Homer’sTheIliadandTheOdyssey,andTheAeneidofVirgilareancientepics.
1.Beowulf
•themostmonumental不朽的workinEnglishpoetryoftheearlyAnglo-Saxonperiod
•thefirstlongpoeminEnglish(3,182lines)
•thefirstgreatnarrativepoemintheEnglishlanguage
•thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople
◆Theme:
EthosofHeroicLife:
Fate
thepast(appreciativeVS.critical)
◆Stylisticdevices
6.alliteration
7.B.metaphor
8.C.understatement
2.Caedmon
◆CaedmonistheearliestEnglishpoetwhosenameisknown.Hewasoriginallyignorantof"theartofsong"butlearnedtocomposeonenightinthecourseofadream.Helaterbecameazealousmonkandanaccomplishedandinspirationalreligiouspoet.
◆Paraphrase:
storiesintheBiblewasturnedintoverse诗form.
3.VenerableBede
◆VenerableBede:
themostprominentoftheearlyprose散文writersinAnglo-Saxonperiod,the“FatherofEnglishHistory”
◆TheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople:
writteninLatin,didactic
relates叙述historylargelyfromthereligiouspointofviewandisfullofstrangestoriesandmiracles(storyaboutCaedmon)
4.KingAlfredtheGreat(KingoftheAnglo-Saxons)
◆Alfred’sContributiontoEnglishLiterature:
9.hetranslatedsomeworksfromLatin(themostoutstandingonewasBede’sEcclesiasticalHistory).
10.heencouragedandsupervisedthelaunchingofTheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.
11.inhistranslationhecreatedthemorenaturalEnglishprosestyle.
◆Wealth&Wisdom&Power
◆Solomon’swisdom
“Thereforelearnwisdom…withoutanydoubt,youmaythusachievepower,thoughyoudonotdesireit.”---Alfred’stranslationofBoethius’ConsolationofPhilosophy
◆TheUseofVernacular
Iftoomuchweremadeaccessible,“thepearlsofChrist[might]beheldindisrespect”.
Chapter2:
EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMiddleAges
SectionI:
EnglishLiteraturefromtheMid-11thtotheMid-14thCentury
1.HistoricalBackground
◆TheDanes’Occupation:
TheDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013,andhelditfor30years.
◆TheNormanConquest:
In1066cametheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliam,wholaterbecamethekingofEngland.ItwascalledtheNormanConquest.
SocialFeaturesofFeudalEngland
MiddleAges,ortheDarkAge:
Itextendedintothe15thcentury.
TheInfluencesoftheNormanConquest:
12.Onlanguage:
TheEnglishlanguagewasgreatlyenrichedbyNormanconquest.
Englishvocabularyiscomposedof3sources:
a)nativewordsorAnglo-Saxonorigin(thebasicvocabularyincludingwordsoffamilymembers,ofhumanbody,ofexpressingnature(sun),oftime(day,month)andforverbs,mostlysingleordoublesyllables.
b)Norman-Frenchorigin:
wordsofgovernment,administrative,law(court,justice,parliament);wordsinvolvingreligion,militaryaffairs(navy,army,baptism,confession);wordsinvolvingdressing,cooking,diplomacy,socialcommunication(fashion,menu);culture(renaissance,literature).
c)Latinorigin:
Mostareacademicwords(education,science).
13.Onliterature:
itsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventureVs.thestrengthandsombernessoftheAnglo-Saxonpoetry.
2.Literature
◆Romance
14.alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeofandadventureofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight—amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons,commonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(contest),orfightingforhislordinbattle(later,devotinghimselftoprotectinghishostess,thusloveaffairsappeared),devotedtothechurchandking.TherulesgoverningthemannersandmoralsofaknightwereknownasCHIVALRY.Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.
15.Thesubjectmattersare:
a)mattersofFrance;
b)mattersofGreeceandRome;
c)mattersofBritishtales(theirheroesArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable,inwhichSirGawainandtheGreenKnightisfamous).
◆TheArthurianTales
16.KingArthur
17.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
alate14th-centurymiddleEnglishalliterativeromanceoutlininganadventureofSirGawain,aknightofKingArthur’sRoundTable.
a)SirGawain:
Brave,chivalrous,loyallyfaithfultohisplightedword,scrupulouslyheedfulofhisownandothers'honor.
b)temptationandtestingofthehero'shonorandchastity.ThefairladyatGawain'sbed
c)thegreengirdleVs.theforbiddenfruit
d)AnotherSymbol:
Pentangle
Apentangleorpentagram
46linestodescribethemeaningofthepentangle
"asignbySolomon".
asymboloffaithfulnessandan"endlessknot".
•ThepentangleonGawain'sshieldisseenbymanycriticsassignifyingGawain'sperfectionandpoweroverevil.
•Differentvoice:
HowdidtheGawainoftheirimagination,thisempty-headed,empty-heartedworldling,andtreacherousfriend,evercometobethetypicalEnglishhero?
◆Tristram&Isolde(Iseult,Yseult)
SirTristan(alsoknownasTristran,Tristram,etc.)isoneofthemaincharactersoftheTristanandIseultstory,oneoftheKnightsoftheRoundTablefeaturingintheMatterofBritain.HeisthenephewofKingMarkofCornwall,senttofetchIseultbackfromIrelandtowedtheking.However,heandIseultaccidentallyconsumealovepotionwhileenrouteandfallhelplesslyinlove.Thepairundergoesnumeroustrialsthattesttheirsecretaffair.
SectionII:
EnglishLiteratureoftheSecondHalfofthe14thCentury
1.HistoricalBackground
◆Oppression:
royalfamily&feudalnobles&clergy神职人员
◆ThePeasants'Revolt—1381.(polltax人头税)
◆TheEarly
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