黑人音乐与文学.docx
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黑人音乐与文学.docx
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黑人音乐与文学
1.Introduction
TheblackmusicisanimportantpartofAmericanculture,whichhascontributedtotheculturaldevelopmentoftheUSA,evenoftheworld.Withthetimepassingby,theblackAmericanmusiccanbedividedintothreedifferentStyles:
soulmusic,thebluesandJazz.Thefirstonewasestablishedintheperiodofslavery,anditbelongstothereligiousmusic.Theslavewholivedwithhardshipdon’thaveenoughtimeforfun,sotheyhavetousetheirlimittimetoprayforabetterlife,stayinginchurch,wishingGodcanbringbrightfutureforthem.Therefore,itbringstheSoultotheblackreligionmusicofAmerica.Thebluesstartsafterthecivilwar,whentheslaveryabolished,alotofblackslavesweresetfree,theypouredincitiesfromtheirhomeandcountryside.Unexpectedly,theyweretreatedwithhardworkandlowSalary,sotheysangsomesongsimprovisationaltoshowtheirbadsituation.ThisistheoriginalBluesmusic.Thelastone-Jazz,istheonlyonebeganfromtheUSA.Withinthelastdecadeofthenineteenthcentury,jazzevolved,butitwasnotcalledJazz,originallyknownasJass,appearedinthesouthernU.S.cityofblackworkerslivingarea.TheearliestofearlyNewOrleansjazzissynonymouswiththecity,thisargumentistruthful,butabitexaggerated.
BluesgivesabigimpactonlaterAmericanandWesternpopularmusic,ragtime,jazz,bluegrass,rhythmandblues,rock,countrymusicandordinarypopsongs,andevenmodernclassicalmusiccontainsthebluesstyleordevelopsfromtheblues.Inthepoem,thewordisoftenusedtodescribedepression.Bluesisthetermof"BlueDevil"(Bluedevils),whichmeanslow-keymood,sadness,depression.GeorgeColemanbackin1798wroteacomicoperanamedBlueDevil,actfarce.In19thcenturythewordwasusedtoindicatethedeliriumtremensandthepolice.TheapplicationofthetermintheblackAmericanmusiccanbetracedlongtimeago.TheearliestwrittenrecordofthiswordinmusicisWilliamKristolFuHandi’sMemphisBluesin1912.
Musicisthekeyformasfolkart.BlackMusicistheessentialwayasreleasingthepainofthemisery.Tobeamainformofblackmusic,Bluescreatedundertheoppression,becomespopularamongcrowdoftheblack,evenalloveroftheworld.It’stheeffectivemethodthatcanturnsorrowintoHappinessandthestrongshoutthattheblackAmericanpeopletrytosurvivefromit.NotonlytheBluescontainsplentyofculturalinformationofAfricanAmericans,alsoAfricanAmericansplayedancrucialroleinitsemergence,developmentandmaturity.Besides,theBlues
Crazy,duringandaftertheHarlemRenaissanceinfluencedthewholegenerationofblackAmericans,somanywriterstriedtousefolkmaterialsintheirliterarywriting,suchasDu.Bois,Ralph.Ellison,Langston.Hughes,Toni.Morrison,Alice.Walkerallmeltstheirworksintoblackmusic.Theblacklivingsituationbecomesbluesmusic’theme,reflectingtheblacks’poverty,suffering,loneliness,despair,andtheweaknessofhumannatureundertheracialoppressionofblack,SoBlues,whichisactuallyasadexpressionofthebitterexperienceofblackmusic,expressesthepsychologicalstateoftheindividualminimumextravagant,asaspiritualtherapy,bluesbringstranscendentalmindtoblackandmakesthemostpainfullifeexperiencefadeaway.Theirpoemsorarticlesareinfluencedbythisgeneralatmosphere.TheyturntheBluesoftheirheartintotheBluesonthepaper.
2.Theviewofblues
WhenandwheredidtheBluesstart?
WhileSofar,wecangetthecertainanswerfromthemusicians.MostexpertsreferthereissomerelationshipbetweenBluesandblackAfricanmusic,theybelievethatBluescomesfromtheinfluenceofblacksouthernAfricaslave’smusic.19centuryago,whentheseslavesarrivedinsouthofAmerica,theycreatedauniquemusicstylefullofblueandsadfeelings.ForsouthernAfricans,theycanexpresstheirfullemotionbysongs.Whiletherearealsosomepeopleholdthedifferentopinion,forexample,JosphMachlis(1906-)haswrittenthat“BluesmusicbelongstooneoftheAmericanmusicwiththeprosodyform.Asweknown,thereisnodirectedconnectiontotheearlyperiodofEuropeanandAfricanmusic.”(Han,2002:
70)
2.1TheClassification
TheearliestrecordofBluesbegins1920’s.Bluescanbeclassifiedthreeformsfromtheblackslave’smusictooneofthemostdiverseandcomplexmusic.Itderivesdifferenttypesintheworld,suchasEuropeanBlues,AfricanBlues.TheBluesmusicdevelopsuntiltodaythatisalreadyintegratedtothemainstreammusicranks,hismanyelementshavebeenutilizedintotherockandrollandthepopmusic.ButtraditionalBluesmusicstillhastheformidablestrength,thisdomainmusiciansareJohnLeeHooker,EttaBaker,JuniorWellsandBuddyGuy.Bluesfansandcriticsidentifythreemajortypesofblues:
ruralorcountryblues,cityorclassicblues,urbanblues.
2.1.1CountryBlues
TheearliestperiodofBluesiscalledCountryBluesordeltaBlues.Thisisgenerallysungbyaman,occasionallyblind,whoperformsonstreetcornersandtravelsbetweenblackcommunityeventsplayinganacousticguitar.Sometimesthesingerisaccompaniedbyabandconsistincrockeryjugs,fiddles,banjosandharmonicas.Thisfolkmusicprobablydevelopsfromthefieldhollersandspiritualsofslavesandfromtheworksongsofblackcottonpickers,railroadlaborers,shipcargoloaders,road-builders,lumberjacksandchaingangconvictsintheDeepSouth.Itemergesin19centuryinthesouthernplantation,developsintheurbanareaofblackdistrict.ParticularafterthecivilWar,toursthesinger,theguitarplayer,andtheharmonicaperformer,startconsciouslydevelopmentofthiskindofmusic,integratethelove,thefreedom,thenatureandthelifesorrowfullyintheBluesmusic.TheearlyimportantmusiciansareCharliePatton,SonHouse(hasinventedgreasypole)andRobertJohnson.
2.1.2ClassicalBlues
Thesecondtypeiscityorclassicalblues.Generallysungbyawomantopianoororchestralaccompaniment,WhenUS'sblacksmovetothemetropolissuchlikeMemphisandNewOrleantowork,toagreaterdegree,Bluesgraduallytransferstotheurbanizedandmorecommercialandformalmusicalcomposition.Itwasfirstpopularizedintheblackcommunityin1920.WiththerecordingofblackcomposerPerryBradfordsCrazyBluesbyMamieSmith,ablacksingerofpopularsongsofthetime.Theextraordinarysalesofthisrecordinblackcommunitiesledtotheintroductionofsegregatedracerecordsbywhiterecordcompaniesandthefameofblackvaudeville,minstrelandbluesentertainerGertrudeMaRainey(1886-1939)astheMotheroftheBlues,BessieSmith(1894-1937),astheEmpressoftheBlues.Othercelebratedblackbluessingersofthe1920sand1930sincludedthesewomenasIdaCox,SaraMartin,ClaraSmith,TrixieSmith,VictoriaSpivey.
2.1.3ElectronicBlues
ThethirdandmostpopulartypeisurbanbluesorelectronicBlues.AftertheSecondWorldWar,theBluescenterhasalreadytransferredtothecitieslikeChicago,whereconvergedmanyrenownedmusiciansUsuallysungbyamanaccompaniedbyelectricguitarsandbass,drumsandbrassinstruments,thismusicbecamepopularinthe1940sand1950sascountrybluessingersmigratedtoChicagoandothercities..Atthattime,B.BKingandBuddyGuyattemptedtoaddtheintensifierelectricguitaraswellasthemagneticdrumtostrengthenthesoundeffect,inthe50’s,thiskindofstyleisapprovedbymanyCaucasianmusicians.Afterseveralyears,EricClaptoncontinuestomaketheBluesmusiccarriesforward.SimultaneouslyR&Balsograduallyemerges,whichisacceptedbytheCaucasianmusician.ElvisPresleyandBillHaleyleadR&Btotherockandroll.EnglishfamousorchestraRollingStone,LedZeppelinalsobuildsupfromtheBluesmusic,butgraduallyturntotheheavymetalrockandroll.ChicagobluesmenlikeMuddyWaters,WillieDixonandHowlinWolfhavehadahavemajorinfluenceonleadingrock&rollbandssincethe1960s.BBKingisthemostcelebratedlivingbluesman.
2.2Itsmusicalcharacteristics
Generallyspeaking,Bluesmusicalcharacteristicsarenotextremelycomplex,thecharmliesinwhichthemusicalform,andthesound,thescale,therhythmandsoon,whichareitsfoundationcharacteristics.Thekeyelementliesinitwhenmusictransmits,includingtheinstrumentalmusic,theexpressiveforceofsoundsofpeople’sutilization,thestatesofthecontentandthepoweroftheperformance.
2.2.1Themusicalform,thesound,thescaleandtherhythm
NotconsideringthatnowBlues’creationdevelopmentinthestructure,three-bodypatternisakindoftypicalmusicalformstructuregenerallyacceptedbythemostofmusicians.ThistypicalBluesmusicalformcanbedividedintothreeparts,everyfoursectionsareonepart,theyaltogetherare12sections(alsohave16sections’type),thereforeitiscalled“12sectionBluesmusicalform”.Usuallythefirsttwosourcematerialisunified(forinstance,thesentencebeforelyricsrepetition),thethirdsourcematerialhassomechanges,thereforeitismayexpressedintheA-A1-Bmusicalform.Basedonthenotcomplexstructuralstyle,itschordisalsoutilizedmostlyaccordingtothechordwithbasicfunctionprimarily,thatisthesounduseⅠ,Ⅳ,ⅤPrimarily,alsohaslaunches.Inmanyyearsmusicpractice,graduallytheBluesmusichasformedonekindofpatterninitssounddispositionaspect,namelyithasthestandardsoundsequence,thispatternhasacloserelationwiththetraditionalmusicalsounddispositioninsomeWesterncountries.
2.2.2Theperformancewayandtheindicationcontent
12-sectionBlueslyricsanditsmelody(sourcematerial)areunitedinthefirsttwo
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