英语四级考试真题第二套Word格式文档下载.docx
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英语四级考试真题第二套Word格式文档下载.docx
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PartHIReadingComprehension(40minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
/nthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions36t045arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
It’sourguiltypleasure:
WatchingTVisthemostcomtioneverydayactivity,afterworkandsleep,inmanypartsoftheworld.AmericansviewfivehoursofTVeachday,andwhileweknowthatspendingsomuchtimesitting36canleadtoobesity(肥胖症)andotherdiseases,researchershavenowquantifiedjusthow37beingacouchpotatocanbe.
Inananalysisofdatafromeightlarge38publishedstudies,aHarvard—ledgroupreportedinthethatforeverytwohoursperdayspentchannel39,theriskofdevelopingType2diabetesJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(糖尿病)rose20%over8.5years,theriskofheartdiseaseincreasedl5%overa40,andtheoddsofdyingprematurely4113%duringaseven—yearfollow—up.Allofthese42arelinkedtoalackofphysicalexercise.Butcomparedwithothersedentary(久坐的)activities,likeknitting,viewingTVmaybeespecially43atpromotingunhealthyhabits.Forone,thesheernumberofhourswepasswatchingTVdwarfsthetimewespendonanythingelse.Andotherstudieshavefoundthatwatchingadsforbeerandpopcornmaymakeyoumorelikelyto44them.
Evenso.theauthorsadmitthattheydidn’tcomparedifferentsedentaryactivitiesto45whetherTVwatchingwaslinkedtoagreaterriskofdiabetes,heartdiseaseorearlydeathcomparedwith,say,reading.
A.climbed
B.consume
C.decade
D.determine
E.effective
F.harmful
G.outcomes
H.passively
I.previously
J.resume
K.suffered
L.surfing
M.term
N.terminals
0.twisting
SectionB
/nthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
Essay.GradingSoftwareOffersProfessorsaBreak
A.Imaginetakingacollegeexam,and,insteadofhandinginabluebookandgettingagradefromaprofessorafewweekslater,clickingthe“send”buttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly,youressayscoredbyasoftwareprogram.Andthen,insteadofbeingdonewiththatexam,imaginethatthesystemwouldimmediatelyletyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade.
B.EDX,thenonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)tooffercoursesontheInternet,hasjustintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomated(自动的)softwareavailablefreeontheWebtoanyinstitutionthatwantstouseit.Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestudentessaysandshortwrittenanswers,freeingprofessorsforothertasks.
C.Thenewservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortium(联盟)intoagrowingconflictovertheroleofautomationineducation.Althoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple—choiceandtrue—falsetestsarenowwidespread,theuseofartificialintelligencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetreceivedwidespreadacceptancebyeducatorsandhasmanycritics.
D.AnantAgarwal,anelectricalengineerwhoispresidentofEDX,predictedthattheinstant—gradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingtoolenablingstudentstotaketestsandwriteessaysoverandoverandimprovethequalityoftheiranswers.Hesaidthetechnologywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroomsystem,wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweekslorgrades.“Thereisahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback,”Dr.Agarwalsaid.“Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstantfeedback.”
E.Butskeptics(怀疑者)saytheautomatedsystemisnomatchforliveteachers.Onelongtimecritic,LesPerelman,hasdrawnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsenseessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivinghighmarks.Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingthatthesoftwarecompareswelltohumangraders.
F.Heisamongagroupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition(呼吁)opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware.Thegroup.whichcallsitselfProfessionalsAgainstMachineScoringofStudentEssaysinHigh—StakesAssessment,hascollectednearly2,000signatures,includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoanlChomsky.
G.“Let’sfacetherealitiesofautomaticessayscorin9,”thegroup’sstatementreadsinpart.“Computerscannot‘read.’Theycannotmeasuretheessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication:
accuracy.reasonin9,adequacyofevidence,goodsense,ethical(伦理的)position,convincingargument,meaningfulorganization,andclarity,amongothers.”
H)ButEdXexpectsitssoftwaretobeadoptedwidelybyschoolsanduniversities.ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHarvard.MITandtheUniversityofCalifornia—Berkeley;
thisfall,itwilladdclassesfromWellesley.GeorgetownandtheUniversityofTexas.Inall,12universitiesparticipateinEDX,whichofferscertificatesforcoursecompletionandhassaidthatitplanstocontinuetoexpandnextyear,includingaddinginternationalschools.
I.TheEDXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers,orgraders,tofirstgradel00essaysoressayquestions.Thesystemthenusesavarietyofmachine—learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynumberofessaysoranswersautomaticallyandalmostinstantly.Thesoftwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemcreatedbytheteacher,whetheritisalettergradeornumerical(数字的)rank.
J.EDXisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessmenttechnology,whichdatestoearlycomputersinthel960s.Thereisnowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstogradewrittentestanswers,andfourstates--Louisiana,NorthDakota,UtahandWestVirginia--areusingsomeform
ofthetechnologyinsecondaryschools.Afifth,Indiana,hasexperimentedwithit.Insomecasesthesoftwareisusedasa“secondreader.”tocheckthereliabilityofthehumangraders.
K.ButthegrowinginfluenceoftheEDxconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivethetechnologyaboost.OnTuesday,StanfordannouncedthatitwouldworkwithEDXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeuseoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology.
L.Twostart.ups.CourseraandUdacity,recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymemberstocreate“massiveopenonlinecourses,”0rMOOCs,arealsocommittedtoautomatedassessmentsystemsbecauseofthevalueofinstantfeedback.‘‘Itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackontheir
work.sothatlearningturnsintoagame,withstudentsnaturallygravitating(吸引)towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheygetitright,”saidDaphneKoller,acomputerscientistandafounderofCoursera.
M.LastyeartheHewlettFoundation,agrant—maltingorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlettPackardfoundersandhiswife.sponsoredtwo$100,000prizesaimedatimprovingsoftwarethatgradesessaysandshortanswers.Morethanl50teamsenteredeachcategory.AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontests.VikParuchuri,washiredbyE(Ⅸtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware.
N.“OneofourfocusesistohelpMdslearnhowtothinkcritically,”saidVictorVuchic,aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation.“It’sprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple—choicetestsThechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders,andsotheycostalotmoreandtheytakealotmoretime.“
O.MarkD.Shermis,aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhi0.supervisedtheHewlettFoundation’scontestonautomatedessayscoringandwroteapaperabouttheexperiment.Inhisview,thetechnology--thoughimperfect--hasaplaceineducationalsettings.
P.Withincreasinglylargeclasses,itisimpossibleformostteacherstogivestudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments,hesaid.Plus,henoted,criticsofthetechnologyhavetendedtocomefromthenation’sbestuniversities,wherethelevelofteachingismuchbetterthanatnlostschools.
Q)“Oftentheycomefromveryfamousinstitutionswhere,infact,theydoamuchbetter.jobofprovidingfeedbackthanamachineevercould,”Dr.Shermissaid.“Thereseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingonintherealworld.”
46.Someprofessionalsineducationarecollectingsignaturestovoicetheiroppositiontoantomatedessaygrading.
47.Usingsoftwaretogradestudents’essayssavesteacherstimeforotherwork.
48.TheHewlettcontestsaimatimprovingessaygradingsoftware.
49.Thoughtheautomatedgradingsystemiswidelyusedinmultiple—choicetests.automatedessaygradingisstillcriticizedbymanyeducators.
50.Somepeopledon’tbelievethesoftwaregradingsystemcandoasgoodajobashumangraders.
51.Criticsofautomatedessayscoringdonotseemtoknowthetruerealitiesinlessfamousuniversities.
52.Criticsarguemanyimportantaspectsofeffectivewritingcannotbemeasuredbycomputerratingprograms.
53.Asclasssizegrows,mostteachersareunabletogivestudentsvaluablecommentsaStohowtoimprovetheirwritin9.
54.Theautomatedassessmenttechnologyissometimes
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