The Moral Side of MurderWord文档格式.docx
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The Moral Side of MurderWord文档格式.docx
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Doeseverybodyagreewiththatreason?
Goahead.
WellIwasthinkingit'
sthesamereasonon9/11withregardtothepeoplewhoflewtheplaneintothePennsylvaniafieldasheroesbecausetheychosetokillthepeopleontheplaneandnotkillmorepeopleinbigbuildings.
Sotheprincipletherewasthesameon9/11.It'
satragiccircumstancebutbettertokillonesothatfivecanlive,isthatthereasonmostofyouhad,thoseofyouwhowouldturn?
Yes?
shearnowfromthoseintheminority,
thosewhowouldn'
tturn.Yes.
Well,Ithinkthat'
sthesametypeofmentalitythatjustifiesgenocideandtotalitarianism.Inordertosaveonetypeofrace,
youwipeouttheother.
Sowhatwouldyoudointhiscase?
Youwould,toavoidthehorrorsofgenocide,youwouldcrashintothefiveandkillthem?
Presumably,yes.
Youwould?
-Yeah.
Okay.Whoelse?
That'
sabraveanswer.Thankyou.Let'
sconsideranothertrolleycarcaseandseewhetherthoseofyouinthemajority
wanttoadheretotheprinciple
"
betterthatoneshoulddiesothatfiveshouldlive."
Thistimeyou'
renotthedriverofthetrolleycar,
you'
reanonlooker.You'
restandingonabridgeoverlookingatrolleycartrack.
Anddownthetrackcomes
atrolleycar,
attheendofthetrack
arefiveworkers,
thebrakesdon'
twork,
thetrolleycar
isabouttocareen
intothefiveandkillthem.
Andnow,you'
renotthedriver,
youreallyfeelhelpless
untilyounotice
standingnexttoyou,
leaningoverthebridgeisaveryfatman.
Andyoucouldgivehimashove.Hewouldfalloverthebridgeontothetrackrightinthewayofthetrolleycar.Hewoulddiebuthewouldsparethefive.Now,howmanywouldpushthefatmanoverthebridge?
Raiseyourhand.
Mostpeoplewouldn'
t.Here'
stheobviousquestion.
Whatbecameoftheprinciple"
bettertosavefivelivesevenifitmeanssacrificingone?
Whatbecameoftheprinciplethatalmosteveryoneendorsedinthefirstcase?
Ineedtohearfromsomeone
whowasinthemajority
inbothcases.
92
00:
06:
13,840-->
00:
17,160
Howdoyouexplain
thedifferencebetweenthetwo?
Yes.
Thesecondone,Iguess,involvesanactivechoice
ofpushingapersondown
whichIguessthatpersonhimself
wouldotherwisenothavebeen
involvedinthesituationatall.
Andsotochooseonhisbehalf,
Iguess,toinvolvehim
insomethingthathe
otherwisewouldhaveescapedis,
Iguess,morethanwhat
youhaveinthefirstcase
wherethethreeparties,
thedriverandthetwosetsofworkers,
arealready,Iguess,
inthesituation.
101
50,930-->
53,210
Buttheguyworking,theoneonthetrackofftotheside,hedidn'
tchoose
tosacrificehislifeanymore
thanthefatmandid,didhe?
That'
strue,buthewas
onthetracksand...
Thisguywasonthebridge.
Goahead,youcancomeback
ifyouwant.Allright.
It'
sahardquestion.Youdidwell.
Youdidverywell.
sahardquestion.
Whoelsecanfindaway
ofreconcilingthereaction
ofthemajority
inthesetwocases?
Well,Iguessinthefirstcase
whereyouhavetheoneworker
andthefive,
it'
sachoicebetweenthosetwo
andyouhavetomake
acertainchoiceandpeople
aregoingtodie
becauseofthetrolleycar,
notnecessarilybecause
ofyourdirectactions.
Thetrolleycarisarunawaything
andyou'
remakingasplitsecondchoice.
Whereaspushingthefatmanover
isanactualact
ofmurderonyourpart.
Youhavecontroloverthat
whereasyoumaynothavecontrol
overthetrolleycar.
SoIthinkit'
saslightly
differentsituation.
Allright,whohasareply?
sgood.Whohasaway?
Whowantstoreply?
Isthatawayoutofthis?
Idon'
tthinkthat'
saverygoodreason
becauseyouchooseto-
eitherwayyouhavetochoose
whodiesbecauseyoueither
choosetoturnandkilltheperson,
whichisanact
ofconsciousthoughttoturn,
oryouchoosetopush
thefatmanover
whichisalsoanactive,
consciousaction.
Soeitherway,
remakingachoice.
Doyouwanttoreply?
I'
mnotreallysure
thatthat'
sthecase.
Itjuststillseems
kindofdifferent.
Theactofactuallypushing
someoneoverontothetracks
andkillinghim,
youareactuallykillinghimyourself.
You'
repushinghim
withyourownhands.
andthat'
sdifferent
thansteeringsomething
thatisgoingtocause
deathintoanother.
Youknow,itdoesn'
treallysoundright
sayingitnow.
No,no.It'
sgood.It'
sgood.
What'
syourname?
Andrew.
Letmeaskyouthisquestion,Andrew.
Yes.
Supposestandingonthebridge
nexttothefatman,
Ididn'
thavetopushhim,
supposehewasstandingover
atrapdoorthatIcouldopen
byturningasteeringwheellikethat.
Wouldyouturn?
Forsomereason,
thatstilljustseemsmorewrong.
Right?
Imean,maybeifyouaccidentally
likeleanedintothesteeringwheel
orsomethinglikethat.
But...Orsaythat
thecarishurtling
towardsaswitch
thatwilldropthetrap.
ThenIcouldagreewiththat.
sallright.Fairenough.
Itstillseemswronginaway
thatitdoesn'
tseemwrong
inthefirstcasetoturn,yousay.
Andinanotherway,Imean,
inthefirstsituation
reinvolveddirectly
withthesituation.
Inthesecondone,
reanonlookeraswell.
Allright.
-Soyouhavethechoice
ofbecominginvolvedornot
bypushingthefatman.
Allright.Let'
sforgetforthemoment
aboutthiscase.
simagineadifferentcase.
readoctor
inanemergencyroom
andsixpatients
cometoyou.
They'
vebeeninaterrible
trolleycarwreck.
Fiveofthem
sustainmoderateinjuries,
oneisseverelyinjured,
youcouldspendallday
caringfortheone
severelyinjuredvictim
butinthattime,
thefivewoulddie.
Oryoucouldlookafterthefive,
restorethemtohealth
butduringthattime,
theoneseverelyinjuredperson
woulddie.
Howmanywouldsavethefive?
Nowasthedoctor,
howmanywouldsavetheone?
Veryfewpeople,
justahandfulofpeople.
Samereason,Iassume.
Onelifeversusfive?
Nowconsideranotherdoctorcase.
Thistime,you'
reatransplantsurgeon
andyouhavefivepatients,
eachindesperateneed
ofanorgantransplant
inordertosurvive.
Oneneedsaheart,
onealung,oneakidney,
onealiver,
andthefifthapancreas.
Andyouhavenoorgandonors.
Youareabouttoseethemdie.
Andthenitoccurstoyou
thatinthenextroom
there'
sahealthyguy
whocameinforacheck-up.
Andhe'
s–youlikethat–
andhe'
stakinganap,
youcouldgoinveryquietly,
yankoutthefiveorgans,
thatpersonwoulddie,
butyoucouldsavethefive.
Howmanywoulddoit?
Anyone?
Howmany?
Putyourhandsup
ifyouwoulddoit.
Anyoneinthebalcony?
Iwould.
Becareful,don'
tleanovertoomuch.
Allright.Whatdoyousay?
Speakupinthebalcony,
youwhowouldyankout
theorgans.Why?
dactuallyliketoexplorea
slightlyalternatepossibility
ofjusttakingtheone
ofthefivewhoneedsanorgan
whodiesfirstandusing
theirfourhealthyorgans
tosavetheotherfour.
saprettygoodidea.That'
sagreatideaexceptforthefactthatyoujustwreckedthephilosophicalpoint.Let'
sstepbackfromthesestoriesandtheseargumentstonoticeacoupleofthings
aboutthewaythearguments
havebeguntounfold.
Certainmoralprinciples
havealreadybeguntoemerge
fromthediscussionswe'
vehad.
Andlet'
sconsider
whatthosemoralprincipleslooklike.
Thefirstmoralprinciple
thatemergedinthediscussion
saidtherightthingtodo,
themoralthingtododependsontheconsequencesthatwillresultfromyouraction.
Attheendoftheday,
betterthatfiveshouldlive
evenifonemustdie.
sanexample
ofconsequentialistmoralreasoning.
Consequentialistmoralreasoninglocatesmoralityintheconsequencesofanact,
inthestateoftheworld
thatwillresultfromthethingyoudo.
Butthenwewentalittlefurther,
weconsideredthoseothercases
andpeopleweren'
tsosure
aboutconsequentialistmoralreasoning.
Whenpeoplehesitated
topushth
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