托福阅读真题最全.docx
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托福阅读真题最全.docx
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托福阅读真题最全
2022年托福阅读试题及答案(最新)
Determiningwhatextinctdinosaursateisdifficult,butwecaninfersomeaspectsoftheirdietarypreferences.
要确定已经灭绝的恐龙吃什么比较困难,但是我们可以推测出它们喜欢吃什么食物。
Traditionallythisinformationhasbeenderivedfromdirectevidence,suchasstomachcontents,andindirectevidence,suchasestablishingacorrelationbetweenparticularbodycharacteristicsanddietsoflivinganimalsandtheninferringhabitsfordinosaurs.
传统上而言,这些信息来自于直接证据,比如胃里的食物,以及间接证据,比如通过恐龙特别的身体特征和现今存活的动物的饮食习惯之间建立关系来推断恐龙的饮食习惯。
Animalssuchashousecatsanddogshavelarge,stabbingcanineteethatthefrontofthemouthandsmaller,equallysharpteethfartherbackintheirjaws.
比如家养的猫和狗这类动物,嘴前部有着尖锐的犬牙,而且后颌有着小一些但同样尖锐的牙齿。
Manyoftheseanimalsarealsoarmedwithsharpclaws.
而且大多数这类动物都有着锋利的爪子。
Theadvantageofteethandclawsaspredatorytoolsisobvious.
牙齿和爪子作为捕食工具的优势非常明显。
Nowconsideranimalslikecows,horses,rabbits,andmice.
然后再看牛、马、兔子和老鼠这些动物。
Theseanimalshaveflatteethatthebackofthejawthatareanalogoustoandhavethesamefunctionasgrindstones.
它们后颌的牙齿扁平,功能类似于磨石。
Unlikethemeat-slicingandstabbingteethofcarnivores,theteethoftheseanimalsgrindandshredplantmaterialbeforedigestion.
和食肉动物用于撕碎肉类的利牙不同,这些动物的牙齿会将植物磨碎再消化。
Inseventeenth-centurycolonialNorthAmerica,allday-to-daycookingwasdoneinthefireplace.Generallylarge,fireplaceswereplannedforcookingaswellasforwarmth.ThoseintheNortheastwereusuallyfourorfivefeethigh,andintheSouth,theywereoftenhighenoughforapersontowalkinto.Aheavytimbercalledthemanteltreewasusedasalinteltosupportthestoneworkabovethefireplaceopening.Thistimbermightbescorchedoccasionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefromcatchingfire.
Twoledgeswerebuiltacrossfromeachotherontheinsideofthechimney.Ontheserestedtheendsofalugpolefromwhichpotsweresuspendedwhencooking.Woodfromafreshlycuttreewasusedforthelugpole,soitwouldresistheat,butithadtobereplacedfrequentlybecauseitdriedoutandcharred,andwasthusweakened.Sometimesthepolebrokeandthedinnerfellintothefire.Whenironbecameeasiertoobtain,itwasusedinsteadofwoodforlugpoles,andlaterfireplaceshadpivotingmetalrodstohangpotsfrom.
Besidethefireplaceandbuiltaspartofitwastheoven.Itwasmadelikeasmall,secondaryfireplacewithaflueleadingintothemainchimneytodrawoutsmoke.Sometimesthedooroftheovenfacedtheroom,butmostovenswerebuiltwiththeopeningfacingintothefireplace.Onbakingdays(usuallyonceortwiceaweek)aroaringfireofovenwood,consistingofbrownmaplesticks,wasmaintainedintheovenuntilitswallswereextremelyhot.Theemberswerelaterremoved,breaddoughwasputintotheoven,andtheovenwassealedshutuntilthebreadwasfullybaked.
Notallbakingwasdoneinabigoven,however.Alsousedwasanironbakekettle,whichlookedlikeastewpotonlegsandwhichhadanironlid.Thisissaidtohaveworkedwellwhenitwasplacedinthefireplace,surroundedbyglowingwoodembers,withmoreemberspiledonitslid.
1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofdomesticlifeincolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassage
mainlydiscuss?
(A)methodsofbakingbread
(B)fireplacecooking
(C)theuseofironkettlesinatypicalkitchen
(D)thetypesofwoodusedinpreparingmeals
2.TheauthormentionsthefireplacesbuiltintheSouthtoillustrate
(A)howthematerialsusedweresimilartothematerialsusedinnortheasternfireplaces
(B)thattheyserveddiversefunctions
(C)thattheywereusuallylargerthannortheasternfireplaces
(D)howtheyweresaferthannortheasternfireplaces
3.Thewordscorchedinline6isclosestinmeaningto
(A)burned
(B)cut
(C)enlarged
(D)bent
4.Theworditinline6refersto
(A)thestonework
(B)thefireplaceopening
(C)themanteltree
(D)therisingcolumnofheat
5.Accordingtothepassage,howwasfoodusuallycookedinapotintheseventeenthcentury?
(A)Byplacingthepotdirectlyintothefire
(B)Byputtingthepotintheoven
(C)Byfillingthepotwithhotwater
(D)Byhangingthepotonapoleoverthefire
6.Thewordobtaininline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)maintain
(B)reinforce
(C)manufacture
(D)acquire
7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph2asadisadvantageofusingawoodenlug
pole?
(A)Itwasmadeofwoodnotreadilyavailable.
(B)Itwasdifficulttomoveorrotate.
(C)Itoccasionallybroke.
(D)Itbecametoohottotouch.
8.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that,comparedtootherfirewood,ovenwoodproduced
(A)lesssmoke
(B)moreheat
(C)fewerembers
(D)lowerflames
9.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofacolonialovenEXCEPT:
(A)Itwasusedtoheatthekitcheneveryday.
(B)Itwasbuiltaspartofthemainfireplace.
(C)Thesmokeitgeneratedwentoutthroughthemainchimney.
(D)Itwasheatedwithmaplesticks.
10.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanadvantageofabakekettle?
(A)Itdidnottakeupalotofspaceinthefireplace.
(B)Itdidnotneedtobetightlyclosed.
(C)Itcouldbeusedinadditiontoorinsteadoftheoven.
(D)Itcouldbeusedtocookseveralfoodsatonetime.
答案:
BCACDDCBAA
AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,
black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit.
Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulls,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.
Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.
1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Itsdefensivebehavior
(B)Itinteractionswithothergullspecies
(C)Itsnestinghabits
(D)Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies
2.Theword"rear"inline2isclosestinmeaningto
(A)visit
(B)watch
(C)reverse
(D)raise
3.Theword"scale"inline8isclosestinmeaningto
(A)climb
(B)avoid
(C)approach
(D)measure
4.Theword"immunity"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)distance
(B)transition
(C)protection
(D)reminder
5.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?
(A)Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.
(B)Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.
(C)Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.
(D)Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.
6.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitteraroundthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto
(A)demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators
(B)provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring
(C)showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls
(D)illustratekittiwakes'lackofconcernfortheirchicks
7.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?
(A)Bonaparte'sgulls
(B)Atlanticpuffins
(C)Kittiwakegulls
(D)Northerngannets
8.Theword"it"inline17refersto
(A)location
(B)edge
(C)nest
(D)practice
9.Theword"conspicuous"inline18isclosestinmeaningto
(A)disordered
(B)suspicious
(C)noticeable
(D)appealing
10.Thephrase"Ontheotherhand"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)therefore
(B)however
(C)forexample
(D)bynomeans
参考答案:
CDACBAACCB
Generally,inordertobepreservedinthefossilrecord,organismsmustpossesshardbody
partssuchasshellsorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayed
bybacteria.Evenhardpartsleftonthesurfaceforacertainlengthoftimewillbedestroyed.
Therefore,organismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbytheelementsandtobe
protectedagainstage
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