美国历史整理 1816 to 1920Word文档下载推荐.docx
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美国历史整理 1816 to 1920Word文档下载推荐.docx
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TherapidgrowthofSouthernandWesternpopulationfueled
thetransportationrevolution
background:
mostofroadsandcanalswerebuiltorimprovedwiththestatefunding(didnotbelieveinfederalinvolvement)
importantinvention:
steamboat
famousincident:
theErieCanal(1825)ofNewYork
becomethemodefortheotherstatesthatwereeagertoimprovetransportation
Reason:
commercialprosperity
Effect:
---fuelinterstatetradeandthusfuelinterstatedependence
---regionalspecialization
newEnglandersconcentratedonmanufacture
southmaintainitsplantationsystem
●MonroeDoctrinein1823
-Content:
MonroedeclaredthatanyEuropeaninterferenceintheAmericaswouldbeseenasahostilitytotheUnitedStates
-Reason:
toprotectAmericaandassertAmericandominanceintheWesternHemisphereinparticular
-Effect:
affectedthe19thto20thcenturyinternationalaffairs
-Long-terminfluence:
ReinterpretedbyT.Rooseveltinthe“RooseveltCorollary”
(hisLatinpolicy)
JohnF.KennedyinhispositiontowardcommunistCuba
●MissouriCompromise(1820)&
TallmadgeAmendment
westwardexpansionraisedtheissuedofentryofnewstates
WhetherFree(noslaverybynortherninterests)orSlave(bysoutherninterests)
Thesenatenumberbalancebetweenfreeandslave
Content:
M.C.------1stsettlementtothesenewsectionaldispute
Missouri(traditionallyaslaveterritory)appliedforstatehood
Butnorthernpeopleprotested,fearingthatslavestatewouldoutnumberfreestatesanddominatetheSenate
Result:
---thecompromiseacceptbybothstates,MissouriasslaveandMaineasfree
---banslaveryfromallpartsofLouisianaPurchasenorthofthe36.30’latitude
AimoftheM.compromise:
maintainthefederalbalance
Long-termeffect:
setthetoneforthe40yearsleadinguptotheCivilWar
●PartyPoliticsRevisitedin1824(presidentelection)
Jackson:
lackmajorityofelectoralvotesneededforpresidency
Adams:
awardedpresidentbytheHouseofRepresentatives
Corruptbargain:
campaignfornextsection
AndrewJacksonwonthefiercecampaign
II.1828to1840
●AndrewJacksonEra
---thepopularityofJackson
1)hisimageasa“friendtothecommonman”
2)thewarheroofNewOrleans
3)hewasthe1stpresidentwhoseemedtobe“ofthepeople”
---thingsdownbyJackson
*advocatethespoilsystemmeansthatthewinningpoliticalpartyshouldgetallthepoliticaljobsinWashington
*stretchtheconstitutionalboundariesoftheexecutivebranch(extendthepowerofExecutivebranch)
*expansionofvotingright
*favorsellinglandcheaplytosettlerstofurtherexpandintotheWest
*confrontationwithnativeAmericanstribes
RemovalActin1830---completeremovaltoIndians
DiefightingtheIndiantribes
---Jackson’seffectonAmerica
JacksonmoldedhispresidencyintooneofthestrongesttheyoungUSAhadexperienced
---Jackson’sConfrontation
-eg.Thenullificationcrisis
a-becauseoftariffincreasedinSouthCarolina,thestategovernmentdeclaredthetariffnullandvoidinthestate
b-declaringthestate’sactiontreasonous,JacksonaskedthecongresstoauthorizetheForceBillof1833tosendtroopstodefendtheUnionandfederallaw
c-Calhounlookedforacompromise.Whencongressvotedtolowerthetaxslightly,theSouthCarolinabackeddown
-theeffectofhisconfrontation
1.Jackson’sstrongwillandfirmstancesonavarietyofissueearnedhimsomesignificantpoliticalenemies
2.thesediscontenthelpedforgetheparty“Whigs”
Whigs---significantonthenationalscenefor20years
Butitcouldnotsatisfythedivergentinterestsofpartymemberbecauseoftheslaveryquestion
III.1840to1860
●GagResolution
Mean:
tablealldiscussionsabouttheissueofslavery
time-consuminganduselessandunconstitutional
After8yrs,theGagResolutionwasoverturned
●North&
South&
WestConditionbeforetheCivilWar
---Reason:
becauseofthedifferenceintheseregion’seconomiesandcultures
---Northbecomeindustrializedeconomy
---Southrelyonlarge-scale,labor-intenseplantation
key:
cottongin
influence:
thequickandeasyremovalofseedsfromcotton,coupledwithEngland’sgreatdemandforcottonencouragedthesouthtofocusoncottongrowing,whichinturnledtoanincreaseddemandforslavelabor
---WestitsterritorywereoftenusedasbargainingchipsinthepowerfulplaybetweenNorthernandSoutherninterests
●TheMexican–AmericanWar&
TreatyofGuadalupe-Hidalgo
---Seed:
MexicantroopscrossedtheRioGrandeintoTexas
---result:
endwithTreatyofG-H
1.MexicoacknowledgedtheRioGrandeasthesouthernborderofTexas
2.cedetheterritoriesofCaliforniaandNewMexicototheUSA
---effect:
GoldRushof1849&
anunprecedentedmigrationtothenewterritory
---newterritoryleadstonewcompromise
b)thecompromiseof1850(theGreatDebate)
--admitthatCaliforniaasafreestate
--maintainTexasasaslavestate
c)theKansas–NebraskaBillof1854
⏹Content:
acceptoftheNebraskaandKansasTerritoriesasstatetodecidetheslaveissuedforitself
⏹Mean:
repealedtheMissouriCompromise
ResultofK-NBill:
helpsetthestageforoneofthefirstviolentconfrontationovertheslaveryissue
E.g.JohnBrown’sraid
Brown,afanaticalslaveryopponent,seizedweapontoarmaslaveuprisingsuccessfullyandwascaughtfortreason
d)theDredScottdecision
---content:
nullifyallofthepreviouscompromiseandpermitslaveownerstotake“theirpossessions”intoanyUSterritory
furtherdeepensectionaldivision
●Lincoln-DouglasDebatesof1858
---AbrahamLincoln:
enterthenationalsceneasanantislaveryRepublican
---RepublicanParty:
foundinthe1850swithaplatformthatincludedpreventingslaveryfromspreadingtonewterritories(differfromDemo-republicanPartybyThomasJefferson)
---Reasonofthesedebates:
Lincolnranagainstthelong-standingSenatorStephenDouglasintheUSSenateraceinIllinoisandchallengedhimtoaseriesofdebates
---Lincoln’sbelief:
1-nation’soppositiontoslaverycouldnotbecompromised
2-challengethemoralityofDouglassupportofDredScottdecisionandtheKansas-NebraskaBill
---Result:
Lincolnlostthesenaterace
---Long-termeffect:
AbrahamLincolngainednationalprominenceasaneloquentspeakerforNorthernviews
●PublicreactiononSlavery
a)<
UncleTom’scabin>
writtenbyHarrietBeecherStowe
result:
--broughtmoraldilemmahometomanymiddle-classcitizensinNorth
--galvanizeantislaverysentiments
b)UndergroundRailroadorganizedbyblacksandwhites
Result:
helptotransportrunawayslavestofreedomintheNorthandinCanada
●Theelectionof1860
---condition:
theissueofslaverycametotheforefrontSeepictureonP66
---theDemocraticParty---pro-southandpro-slavery
---thenewRepublicanParty---opposeslaveryinnewterritoriesandnomineeLincoln
a)Lincolncarriedonly40%ofthepopularvoteandnoneoftheslavestates
b)RepublicancontrolofthepresidencyandHouseofRepresentatives
c)gavetheDemocratsamajorityintheSenate
d)Lincoln’selectionandhisbeliefthattheslaveryissuemustbedecidedonewayortheotherbroughtthecountryclosertothecivilwar
IV.1861to1865TheCivilWar
●SecessionfromtheUnion
---SouthCarolinaand6othersouthernstatessecededfromtheUnion
---ConfederateStateofAmerica
-ElectJeffersonDavisastheirPresident
-SeizeallsouthernUSmilitarylocationexceptFortSumterandFortPicken
---NorthernReaction:
-PresidentJamesBuchanandisagreedthesecessionbutdidnothingtostopit
-MostnorthernpeoplewantedtopreservetheUnion
-SomeAbolitionistcheeredthedepartureofSouthernStates
---Lincoln’sreaction
-Declarethesecessionillegal
-SentmunitionstoFortSumter
-union’smilitaryleadersannouncedtotheConfederatethattheywouldhavetoacknowledgetheauthorityofthefederalgovernment
---officialbeginning
time:
inApril1861
Event:
theConfederacyattackedtheFortSumter
---FamousBattle
1)BattleatGettysburg
Leader:
GeneralRobertLeeinvadedtheUnion
-itisthesecondbattle(AntietamBattle)tobefoughtonthenorthernsoil
-Lee’seffortfailed
thebattlewasaturningpointintheConflict
2)Sherman’sMarchtothesea
Factor:
Unionnavalsuperioritytoblockthesouthernports
Aim:
isolatetheSouthandcutitofffromsupplies
Leader:
WilliamT.Sherman
Action:
cutan8-miile-widepathtodestructionfromTennesseetoSavannah
destroycivilianpropertyandbrokethewilloftheConfederatestates
3)BattleatVirginia
Time:
Aprilof1865
GrantfoughtLEE’Sforces
GrantforcedLeetosurrenderatAppomatox
---WarGoals:
-topreservetheUnionbutnotfoughttofreetheslaves
-todefeattheConfederateforcesanddestroytheirwar-makingcapacities
-
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