A Blending of Naturalism.docx
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A Blending of Naturalism.docx
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ABlendingofNaturalism
ABlendingofNaturalism,ImpressionismandRealism
__Appreciationof“TheRedBadgeofCourage”
自然主义,印象主义和现实主义的统一体
——《红色英勇勋章》赏析
Major:
English
专业:
英语
Author:
作者:
完成时间:
2015年6月
Abstract
StephenCrane(1871一1900),agreatAmericannovelist,Poetandshortstorywriterattheendofthe19th,wasoneoftheforerunnersandexponentsofAmericanLiteraryNaturalism,symbolismandrealism.Hismasterpiece---TheRedBadgeofCourage,producedintheliteraryperiodwhenAmericanrealismwasdevelopingrapidlyandnaturalism,impressionismjustappearedinAmerica,wasinfluencedmoreorlessbyalltheseliterarythoughts.
TheRedBadgeofCourageatitspublicationinabookformin1895,immediatelyshockedtheliteraryworld.Critics,throughmoreseriousresearchintotheworkthus,differentviewsonthestyleofTheRedBadgeofCourageareformed.
ThepapertendstoevaluatethedifferentviewsonTheRedBadgeofCourage.Basedonthewritingprinciplesandthetextadetailed,comprehensiveandsystematicanalysisiscarriedoutinthethesiswiththeviewtofindadefiniteandreasonablecombinationofthestyleforTheRedBadgeofCourage.
KeyWords:
StephenCraneTheRedBadgeofCourageNaturalismImpressionismRealism
中文摘要
斯蒂芬·克莱恩是十九世纪末美国一位伟大的小说家和诗人,美国自然主义和印象主义文学的创始人之一。
他的代表作《红色英雄勋章》创作于美国现实主义文学潮流发展,自然主义和印象主义潮流刚刚兴起的时期。
因而受时代文学思潮的影响,该作品的创作风格呈现多样性。
《红色英雄勋章》正式出版于1895年。
作品出版后引起很大的凡响。
评论家对该作品进行多方位的探究,尤其对其风格的研究也逐渐深入:
他们逐渐认识到《红色英雄勋章》中的自然主义,现实主义和象征主义三大主要成分,从而对其创作风格形成不同的定位。
这篇论文旨在结合自然主义、印象主义、和现实主义的创作原则,对《红色英雄勋章》文本中不同成分进行全面、系统和较为详细的分析论证,从而找出该作品风格的三者融合之处。
关键词:
斯蒂芬克莱恩红色英勇勋章自然主义印象主义现实主义
CONTENTS
AbstractinEnglish---------------------------------------------------------------I
AbstractinChinese--------------------------------------------------------------II
Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------------III
1.Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor-------------------------------------------------------2
1.2BriefintroductiontoTheRedBadgeofCourage------------------------------------3
2.LiteratureReview--------------------------------------------------------------4
2.1Naturalism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.1.1Definition---------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1.2NaturalisticanalysisonTheRedBadgeofCourage--------------------------5
2.2Impressionism------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.1Definition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.2ImpressionisticanalysisonTheRedBadgeofCourage-----------------------7
2.3Realism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.3.1Definition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.3.2RealisticanalysisonTheRedBadgeofCourage-------------------------------8
3.Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------9
WorksCited----------------------------------------------------------------------10
ABlendingofNaturalism,ImpressionismandRealism
___Appreciationof“TheRedBadgeofCourage”
1.Introduction
1.1BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor
StephenCrane(November1,1871–June5,1900)wasanAmericanauthor.CranediedoftuberculosisinGermanyattheageof29.Althoughhislifewasveryshort,CranewasconsideredasanimportantfigureinAmericanliterature.HewrotenotableworksintherealistictraditionaswellasearlyexamplesofAmericannaturalism,impressionismandrealism.Hewasrecognizedbymoderncriticsasoneofthemostinnovativewritersofhisgeneration.TheRedBadgeofCourage,whichhadbecomeanAmericanclassic,Cranewasalsoknownforhispoetry,journalism,andshortstoriessuchas"TheOpenBoat","TheBlueHotel","TheBrideComestoYellowSky",“Maggie,aGirloftheStreets”and“TheMonster”.Hiswritinghadadeepimpressionon20th-centuryandthemostimportantwasthathemadegreatcontributionstoAmericanliterature.
1.2BriefintroductiontoTheRedBadgeofCourage
TheRedBadgeofCouragewasawarnovelbyAmericanauthorStephenCrane(1871–1900).TakingplaceduringtheAmericanCivilWar,thestorywasaboutayoungprivateoftheUnionArmy,HenryFleming,whofledfromthefieldofbattle.Overcomingwithshame,helongedforawound,a"redbadgeofcourage,"tocounteracthiscowardice.Whenhisregimentonceagainfacedtheenemy,Henryactedasstandard-bearer.
2.LiteratureReview
2.1Naturalism
2.1.1Definition
AccordingtoTheOxfordCompaniontoAmericanLiterature(5thEdition):
“Naturalism”,referstothecriticaltermappliedtothemethodofliterarycompositionthataimsatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofNaturalman.Itisthusmoreinclusiveandlessselectivethanrealism,andHoldstothephilosophyofdeterminism.ItconceivesofmanascontrolledbyHisinstinctsorhispassions,orbyhissocialandeconomicenvironmentandCircumstances.Sinceinthisviewmanhasnofreewill,thenaturalisticwriterdoesnotattempttomakemoraljudgments,andasadeterministhetendstowardpessimism.(525)[1]
2.1.2NaturalisticanalysisonTheRedBadgeofCourage
(1)NaturalisticWritingStyleoftheNovel
TheRedBadgeofCourage,themasterpieceofCrane,was“anepisodeoftheAmericanCivilWar”.Ithadadistinctivestylewhichwasoftendescribedasnaturalistic,realistic,impressionisticoramixtureofthethree(Crane,1917:
1)[2],inwhichthenaturalisticstyleisthemostimportantone.Itiswritteninanaturalisticstylewhichindicatedthetrendofnaturalisticwritingsinthe20thcenturyinAmerica.Theterm“naturalism”describedatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeingswhichplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheAmericanliterature,andStephenCranewasagreatmasteradoptingnaturalisminhiswritings.Crane’sworkscontainnovels,shortstoriesandpoetries,andallhisliteraryheroesaredepictedwithstrongnaturalisticfeatures.Healwaysexploredinhisworksforuniquewritingtechniquesandhisworkinfluencedlaterwritersgreatly,sohewascalled“theforerunnerofAmericannaturalism”.Thewordsandexpressionsinhisworkarejustsimplebutvivid.HiswritingswerereflectionoftheenvironmentandsocialrealityofthenewcontinentduringoraftertheCivilWar.
(2)NaturalisticFeatureofCharacteristics
Thecharactersinnaturalisticnovelsweremoreorlesssimilartoeachother.Theirattemptsatexercisingfreewillorchoicearehamstrungbyforcesbeyondtheircontrol.Inthisnovel,HenryFlemingwasjustatypicalcharacterofthiskind.Comingfromthecountry,hislifewasgovernedbytheArmy.Noglorifiedpatriots,bravesoldiersandheroescanbeeasilyfoundinthisnaturalisticwork,instead,wecanseeonlyrealhuman-beingswiththeirtruefeelingsandfear.Sotheyoungboy—alsoasoldierfightandfleeinthebattlefieldwithoutaclearaim,butonlyinstinctandpassionthatdominatedHenry’seachactions.
(3)KeyThemesofNaturalistNovels
Criticsidentifysurvival,determinism,violence,andtabooaskeythemesofanaturalistnovel.Theconflictinnaturalisticnovelswasoften“managainstnature”or“managainsthimself”ascharactersstruggletoretaina“veneerofcivilization”despiteexternalpressuresthatthreatentoreleasethe“brutewithin”.[2]Naturetendedtobeanindifferentforceactingonthelivesofhumanbeings.Asanaturalistnovel,ittooksurvival,determinism,violence,andtabooaskeythemes,andshowedindifferenceofthenaturalworldandwecanalsoseethesamethemesin“TheOpenBoat”.
2.2Impressionism
2.2.1Definition
Impressionism’soriginswereinpainting(Cezanne,Degas,Renoir,Cassatt,Monet,etc.),beginningaround1874.ImpressionisminfluencedAmericanliteraturebeginningin
1890s.[4]AccordingtoTheOxfordCompaniontoAmericanLiterature(5thEdition):
Impressionismisthe
“aestheticmovementinwhichtheartistattemptstopresenttheimpressionsanobjectmakesuponhim,ratherthanarealisticversionoftheobjectitself.Impressionistsarethusmoreconcernedwithmoodsorsensationsthanwiththeobservationofdetails.ThenamederivesfromtheFrenchschoolofpaintingoftheLate19thcentury.Theirtheoriesweretakenupbywriters,especiallyBauderlaireandotherfollowersofPoe,andSymbolistssuchasMallarme,whoattemptedtocapturethefleetingimpressionsofamoment,orheldthatthePersonalattitudesAndmoodsofanauthorweremoreimportantthananyobjectivedepictionofcharacter,settingandaction.(James,D.Hart,361)[1]
2.2.2ImpressionisticanalysisonTheRedBadgeofCourage
Agreatdealofcolorwordsinthisnovelmadetheworkhadadistinctandvividvisualeffect.Wecanfindagreatnumberofcolorwordshereandthereinthenovel,andatthesametime,mostofthecolorwordspossesstheirownsymbolicmeanings.
(1)Red
Inwesternculture,redisastronglypejorativeterm,peoplenaturallyassociateitwiththefireorblood.Itstandsforbrutality,bloodiness,suchasredrevenge,redbattle;italsostandsfortheradicalandviolentrevolution,suchastheredhotpoliticalcampaign;itisalsoasymbolofdangerandtension,suchasredalert,aredflag.ThecolorredpermeatesmostofthedescriptioninStephenCrane’sTheRedBadgeofCourage,whichmadeadeepimpressiononreaders.Cranewouldhavepeoplecomprehendedthatmiseriespermeateinwarsandhumanbeings
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