英美概况期末考试答案.doc
- 文档编号:6681265
- 上传时间:2023-05-10
- 格式:DOC
- 页数:15
- 大小:52.50KB
英美概况期末考试答案.doc
《英美概况期末考试答案.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英美概况期末考试答案.doc(15页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
AmericanBeginnings
1.WhatwerethenewandpowerfulsocialforceswhichledtotheawakeningofEuropeandthediscoveryofAmerica?
P34
Thefirstforcewasthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Thegrowthofcapitalismproducedtwonewclasses-thebourgeoisie[ˌbʊrʒwɑː'ziː]andtheworkingclasswiththedevelopmentofcommerceandtrade,thebourgeoisiebecomeincreasinglypowerfulinpoliticsaswellasineconomy,sotheywantedtosharemorepowerwithfeudallords.
ThesecondforcewastheRenaissance['renəsɑːns],whichwasmarkedbyachangingoutlookonlife.
ThethirdforcewastheReligiousReformation,areligiousforcemovementthatstartedfromGermany.
2. WhatwastheuniqueAmericanphenomenon?
Howdiditcomeintobeing?
Doyouthinkitstillexistsintoday’sAmericansociety?
P36
Theenactment[ɪ'næktməntoflawsforthecolonyandtheenslavementofAfricanscombinedconstitutedauniqueAmericanphenomenon..
ontheonehand,theEnglishandotherEuropeanswenttoNorthAmericaforseekingfreedom.Ontheotherhand,theseverywhitepeoplewhowereseekingandfightingfortheirownfreedomdeprivedblackAfricansoftheirfreedom.
OnJuly30,1619,thefirstmeetingofanelectedlegislature,arepresentativeassembly,washeldinVirginia.Amonthlater,stillinVirginia,aDutchshipbroughtinover20NegroesasservantsforatermofyearstomakeastarttowardtheenslavementofAfricanswithinwhatwastobetheAmericanrepublic.
Thisphenomenonstillexistsintoday’sAmericansociety,suchastheracialdiscrimination.Untilnow,theblackpeoplestillreceivetheunfairprejudice.However,thesocietyinAmericaisfulloffreedom,especiallytothewhitepeople.Theyhavealotofrightsintheirlife.
3. InwhatwaydidthepatternoffoundingofMarylandinfluenceAmericanculture?
In1648,LordBaltimoreappointedaProtestantgovernor,andthenextyear,theMarylandTolerationAct,whichassuredfreedomofworshiptoallwhobelievedinJesusChrist,waspassed.
Becausetheprotestantmajoritywerecapitalistic-mindedpeopleandrefusedtocarryoutthefeudalplan,andbecausethewildernessofNorthAmericaprovidedplentyoflandwhilelaborwasscarce,itwasimpossibleforLordBaltimoretohavehisfeudalplanexecuted.Notlongafterthefoundingofhiscolony,thefeudalexperimentalplanwasdropped,andthecolony,likeothercoloniesinNorthAmerica,followedacapitalistdevelopmentroad.
4.InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?
P37-38
ThePuritansbelievedthateveryonehadacalling,whichwasgivenbyGod.Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics,andtheyconcludedthattheBiblewastheauthorityoftheirdoctrine,soeducationwasessentialforPuritans.
ThePuritanshopedtobuild“acityuponhill”-anidealcommunity.Sincethattime,Americanshaveviewedtheircountryasagreatexperiment,aworthymodelforothernations.ThissenseofmissionhasbeenverystronginthemindsofmanyAmericans.
NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbathandotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.RogerWilliams,oneofthePuritanswhoprotestedthatthestateshouldnotinterferewithreligion,wasdrivenoutofMassachusetts.In1635,hesetupRhodeIslandcolony,whichguaranteedreligiousfreedomandtheseparationofChurchandstate.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.
ThePoliticalSystem
1.Whatisafederalsystem?
Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.TheConstitutionspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.
2.HowdidthedelegatesfromtheearlyBritishcoloniesdesigntheconstitution?
InthecourseoftheConvention,thedelegatesdesignedanewformofgovernmentfortheUnitedStates.TheplanforthegovernmentwaswritteninverysimplelanguageinadocumentcalledtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.InwritingtheConstitution,thedelegateshadtodealwithtwomainfearssharesbymostAmericans.
3.WhatwerethetwomainfearssharedbyAmericanswhilewritingtheconstitutionandhowdidtheydealwiththem?
P52-53
Onefearwasthatonepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecametoopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.Toguardagainstthispossibility,thedelegatessetupagovernmentconsistingofthreeparts,orbranches,theexecutive,thelegislativeandthejudicial.Eachbranchhasawayofcounteractingandlimitinganywrongfulactionbyanotherbranch.
Anotherfearwasthatthenewcentralgovernmentmightweakenortakenawaythepowerofthestategovernmentstoruntheirownaffairs.TodealwiththistheConstitutionspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.Thestateswereallowedtoruntheirowngovernmentsastheywished,providedthattheirgovernmentswererepublican.
4.WhatistheExecutiveBranch?
P137
Thechiefexecutiveisthepresident,whoiselectedtofour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedonlytwotermsaccordingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.ThepresidentcanproposelegislationtoCongressandvetoanybillpassedbyCongress.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentandhandlingforeignrelations.Exceptfortherightofsuccessiontothepresidency,thevicepresident’sonlyconstitutionaldutiesaretoserveasthepresidingofficerofthesenate;thevicepresidentmayvoteinthesenateonlyintheeventofatie.
5.WhatistheBillofRights?
WhyisitnecessarytowritetheBillofRightsexplicitlyintotheUSConstitution?
P56
It’sanotherbasicfoundationinAmericans’constitution.Itconsistsof10veryshortparagraphswhichguaranteefreedomandindividualrightsandforbidinterferencewithlivesofindividualsbythegovernment.EachparagraphisanamendmenttotheoriginalConstitution.IntheBillofRights,Americansareguaranteefreedomofreligion,ofspeechandofthepress.Theyhavetherighttoassembleinpublicplaces,toprotestgovernmentactionsandtodemandchange.Theyhavetherighttoownweaponsiftheywish.
Economy
1. WhatisthecurrenteconomicpositionofAmericaintheworld?
◇“superpower”inworldaffairs;
◇dominantpositionofthedollar“BrettonWoodssystem”
*theUShasthelargestandthemosttechnologicallypowerfuleconomyintheworld,withapercapitalGDPof$46,000.(rankedNo.9intheworld)
*Itistheonlysuperpowerintheworld.Withabout5%oftheworld’spopulation,theUSproducesabout27%ofthetotalworldoutput.(rankedNo.1intotalamountintheworld)
*theUSfirmsareatorneartheforefrontintechnologicaladvances,especiallyincomputersandinmedical,aerospace,nuclearenergy,electronicsandthemilitaryequipment.
*theUSisstillthelargestautomobilemakeroftheworld.Itisamajorbuyerandthesellerintheworldmarket.
*theUSdollarisstillusedasaninternationalcurrencyandmanyothercurrenciesarepeggedtoit.
2. Whatarethefivestagesofindustrialdevelopment?
P65-67
Onekeydevelopmentwastheintroductionofthefactorysystem,whichgatheredmanyworkerstogetherinoneworkplaceandproducedgoodsfordistributionoverawidearea.
Aseconddevelopmentwasthe“Americansystem”ofmassproductionwhichoriginatedinthefirearmsindustryabout1800.
Athirddevelopmentwastheapplicationofnewtechnologiestoindustrialtasks.
Aforthdevelopmentwastheemergencyofnewformsofbusinessorganization,notablythebankandthecorporation,whichfacilitatedthegrowthofindustry.
Finally,theconstructionofrailroadsbeginninginthe1830s,markedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates
3. WhataretherootsofaffluenceinAmerica?
P69
1.ThevastdimensionsandamplenaturalresourcesoftheUnitedStatesprovedfromthefirsttobeamajoradvantagefornationaleconomicdevelopment.
2.Apopulationofmorethan310millionpeopleprovidesbothworkersandconsumersforAmericanbusinesses.
3.AmobilityintheAmericanpopulationcontributesausefulflexibilitytobusinesslife.
4.Theentrepreneurialspiritfindsitsoutletinsuchbusinessactivitiesasmanufacturing,transporting,buyingandselling.
5.Thegovernmentalpowerswerelimitedwhilewideningopportunitiesforindividualinitiative.
4. WhatarethemainsectorsofindustryinAmerica?
Namesomeoftheimportantcitiesrepresentingeachsector.
1.Manufacturingindustry:
Chicago
2.high-techindustry:
LosAngeles,California
3.Heavyindustry:
Pittsburgh
4.Serviceindustry:
NewYork,Seattle
5.Aviation:
Houston
6.Carindustry:
Detroit
Education
1. HowdidAmericachangethewayofeducationtoteachthechildrentobeworldcitizens?
P122
In1954,theSupremeCourtruledthatthepracticefsegregationblacksintoseparateschoolswasunconstitutional.
Between1950and1960,moreandmorenewknowledgewasdevelopedthaninalloftheworld’shistorybefore1950.
Schoolswereaskednotonlytoteachthisnewinformation,buttohelpstudentsasktheirownquestionsaboutit.
The“inquiry”methodoflearning,focusingonsolvingproblemsratherthanmemorizingfacts.
Moresciencecourseswereaddedtothecurriculum
Thefederalgovernmentbegantospendmillionsforthedevelopmentofnewscience
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 概况 期末考试 答案