英美文化chapter 11.docx
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Chapter11
Education,MediaandHolidays
I Education
1. IdealsofAmericanEducation
♦♦♦Asmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywant
■ anoutcomeoftheAmerican’sassertions(±5^f3|[JJ)aboutequality
■ equalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducation
•TheChildplacedinalower-abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher-abilitygroup
♦♦♦Producingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontrol
■ educationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;nonationalministryofeducation
■ eachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation
♦♦♦Emphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearning
■ ScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceivetSif)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;
■ Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;
■ Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.
®Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.
®EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.
Quotationsconcerningeducation:
®Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)
®Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)
®Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator)
2. EducationalSystem
2.1 ElementaryandSecondaryEducation
♦♦♦Elementaryandsecondaryeducation—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12grades
♦♦♦Oneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJune
♦♦♦Differentdivisionsofschoolsystems:
©elementaryschool—onethrougheight
highschool—nextfouryears
©elementaryschool—onethroughsix
juniorhighschool—seventhroughnine
seniorhighschool—tenthroughtwelve
♦♦♦Elementaryeducation
■ Courses—reading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducation
■ Classsize—20to30students
♦♦♦Secondaryeducation
■ Twostages:
juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschool
■ Courses:
morespecialized—English,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.
■ Nineperiodsforaday:
• fiveforacademicsubjects
• oneforphysicaleducation
• alunchperiod
• twostudyperiods
- visitingthelibrary
- participatinginextracurricularactivity
♦♦♦Noannualcollegeentranceexamination;applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:
2.2 HigherEducation
♦♦♦Thebeginningofhighereducation—thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636
■ abigenterprisewithacomplexsystem
♦♦♦Fourcategoriesofinstitutions:
■ theuniversity
■ thefour-yearundergraduateinstitution—thecollege
■ technicaltraininginstitution
■ two-yearcommunitycollege
College&University
♦♦♦College—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorof
Sciences(B.S.)degree
♦♦♦University—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurpose
♦♦♦Functionsofhighereducation
■ teaching
■ research
■ publicservice
♦♦♦Locationofinstitutions
■ NewYork—308institutions
■ California—299institutions
■ NevadaandWyoming—onlynineinstitutionseach
♦♦♦Thevarietyofsubjects
■ fineartsandpractical,career-orientedfields
♦♦♦Thevarietyofinstitutions
■ large,comprehensiveuniversitiesandsmalltraditionalliberalartscolleges
♦♦♦Factorsforstudents’personalpreferences
■ size,academicquality,location
■ reputationofthefacultyanddepartment
TheBoard
❖ Theboardoftrustees(fT-A-)—carryingoutadministrationofcollegesanduniversities
❖ Composedprimarilyoflaymen(AAA.Ai)
■ Laymen—representthepublicintereststhanprofessionals
❖ Legalbody,responsiblefortheinstitution
❖ Responsibilities:
■ choosingthepresident;
■ establishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty;
■ approvingthebudget;
■ thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems,etc.
CollegeLife
♦♦♦Anacademicyear—ninemonths
■ twoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersession
■ a“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreak
♦♦♦Credits
■ earnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminations
■ onecredit—onehourofclassperweekinasinglecourse
■ acoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemester
♦♦♦Livingaccommodations—notenoughresidencehalls
■ modernandfashionable,butlimitedandsmallinspace
♦♦♦Sports—significantinuniversitylife
■ football—mostpopular
■ footballandbasketballscholarships
■ studentsasathleticsor“jocks”(^^is^tlM)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistance
♦♦♦Students’organizations—clubsandactivities
■ helpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbies
• art,music,drama,debate
• foreignlanguages,photography
• volunteerwork
2.3 FamousUniversities
♦♦♦AmongallAmericanuniversities,isthereanyonethatleavesyouthedeepestimpression,andwhy?
♦♦♦WouldyoupleasecompareAmericanuniversitieswithChineseones?
♦♦♦IvyLeague—includingeightuniversities(Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,Princeton,andYale)
■ StanleyWoodward,aNewYorkHeraldTribunesportswriter,coinedthephraseintheearlythirties.
HarvardUniversity
❖TheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearninginAmerica
■ comprehensiveuniversitythatmainlygrantsdegrees
■ engagedinscientificresearch
■ establishedin1636
■ namedafterJohnHarvard—itsfirstbenefactor(jWJlK)
♦♦♦Schoolbadge—VERITAS(Latin):
truth
■ (Plato)^^, (Aristotle)M^lUMS(truth)
ThreeLiesoftheHarvardStatue:
©The“Founder”JohnHarvardwasactuallynotthefounder.TheuniversitywasfoundedbytwoBritishteachers.WhatJohnHarvarddidwasdonatingsomemoneywhentheschoolwasabouttoshutdownduetofinancialrestrictstwoyearsafterfounded.
©Theuniversitywasnotfoundedintheyear1638asisengravedonthestatue.Itwasfoundedtwoyearsago.1638wasnothingbuttheyearhedonatedmoney.
©ThebiggestjokeaboutthestatueisthatthepersonsittingonthechairisnotJohnHarvardhimself!
Johnhadalreadypassedawaywhentheuniversitydecidedtosetupastatueandthere'snopictureleftofJohn.Sotheyjustselectedamosthandsomemalestudentsasthestatue'smodel.
♦♦♦Outstandingacademicachievements
■ 7presidents
• JohnAdams,JohnQ.Adams
• TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt
• RutherfordB.Hayes,JohnF.Kennedy
• GeorgeW.Bush
■ morethan40Nobellaureates
YaleUniversity
❖ Foundedin1701astheCollegiateSchool(KfjinKillingworth,Connecticut
❖ RenamedYaleCollegein1718afterthedonatorElihuYale
❖ BecameYaleUniversityin1887
❖ ThethirdoldestinstitutionofhighereducationinAmerica
♦♦♦3majoracademiccomponents:
■ YaleCollege(theundergraduateprogram)
■ theGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciences
■ tenprofessionalschools
♦♦♦Awidearrayofresearchorganizations,libraries,museums,administrativeandsupportoffices
♦♦♦TheSkull&Bones—secretstudentsocietycomposedofupandcomingpoliticalelites
■ famous“bonesmen”:
GeorgeW.Bush,JohnKerry,WilliamF.BuckleyJr.etc.
MIT
MIT—MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
❖ Establishedin1861inBoston,movedtoCambridgein1916
❖ Instituteofdevelopingadvancedadministrativetalentsandscientificandtechnologicaltalents
❖ Oneoftheteachingandresearchcentersofscienceandtechnology
❖ Composedof5schools
■ the SchoolofArchitectureandPlanning
■ the EngineeringSchool
■ theSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialHumanities
■ the SloganSchoolofManagement
■ the SchoolofScience
♦♦♦AcademicAchievements
■ 63currentorformermembersoftheMITcommunityhavewontheNobelPrize,including25professors,26alumni,14researchersandonestaffphysician.
■ 27oftheNobelPrizesareinphysics,12inchemistry,13ineconomics,9inmedicine/physiology,and2inpeace.
2.4 MulticulturalEducation
❖ Schoolsteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethniccultures
■ successfulethnicindividualsincorporatedincurrenttextbooks
■ equality
■ pastracismbluntlyacknowledged
❖ Culturalpluralism—organizingprincipleofeducation
■ Elementaryschoolsinclude
• traditionalcustoms
• otherharvestholidaysaroundtheworld
■ Secondaryschoolsinclude
• literaturefromaroundtheworld,offeringalternativeperspectivesonsocialproblemsandsignificanthistoricalevents
• ethnicstudies
❖ Tosolveproblemsandreachconclusionsbytrialanderror
❖ Cultureinfluencesclassroomcommunication
■ Americans—frankandblunt(HHfttl)waysofexpression
■ Asian-Americans—avoidingopenness
❖ Criticalthinking,judgmentalquestioning,activeparticipation,andindependentandparticipatorylearning—expectedandencouraged
❖ InternationalSsbenefitfromandcontributetotheAmericaneducationalsystem
II Media
Warming-up:
♦♦♦WouldyoupleasesummarizesomeofthecharacteristicsoftheAmericanmedia?
1. Newspapers
♦♦♦Moredailynewspapersthanothercountries
■ highquality,viewsquotedallovertheworld
■ columnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferentpoliticalandsocialviews
■ “funnies orcomicsection
■ everyonecanfindacomicstripappealingtohim
• slapstick(|WJaISWW)humor
• melodrama('IWtWJ)
• violence,adventure,orintellectualsatire
InfluentialNewspapers
TheNewYorkTimes
❖ establishedin1851,numberoneforeditorialqualityandnewscoverage
❖ associatedwiththeRockefellerInterestGroupandfinancialfield
❖ soldespeciallytotheupperorupper-middleclass
❖ reputationforitsseriousattitudeandgreatbulk(>hL
TheWashingtonPost
❖ establishedin1877
❖ secondbiggestnewspaper
❖ mainreaders—governmenta
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