军考专升本英语模拟Word格式.docx
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军考专升本英语模拟Word格式.docx
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Becauseofthemorethan4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,alteringpeople'
smoods,appetitesandalertnessinwaystheyfindpleasantandbeneficial.Unfortunately,asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:
itishighlyaddictive.Oncesmokersbecomehookedonit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,sometimesseveraldozentimesaday.Cigarettesmokecontains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeathsentence.IntheUSalone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses.
Breakingnicotineaddictionisnoteasy.Eachyear,nearly35millionpeoplemakeaconcertedefforttoquitsmoking.Sadly,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethanayear;
moststartsmokingagainwithindays.Sowhatisnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitselfintothesmoker'
sbrainandverybeing?
Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugandsmokers,andevensomescientists,sayitofferscertainbenefits.Oneisenhanceperformance.Onestudyfoundthatnon-smokersgivendosesofnicotinetypedabout5percentfasterthantheydidwithoutit.Togreaterorlesserdegrees,usersalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relievepain,andevendampentheirappetites(thushelpinginweightcontrol).Unfortunately,nicotinecanalsoproducedeleteriouseffectsbeyondaddiction.Athighdoses,asareachievedfromtobaccoproducts,itcancausehighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystemsandanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoseizuresandhypothermia.
Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturnsbrownwhenburnedandsmellsliketobaccowhenexposedtoair.Itisfoundinseveralspeciesofplants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant(thoughinextremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans).
Assimpleasitlooks,thecigaretteishighlyengineerednicotinedeliverydevice.Forinstance,whentobaccoresearchersfoundthatmuchofthenicotineinacigarettewasn'
treleasedwhenburnedbutratherremainedchemicallyboundwithinthetobaccoleaf,theybeganaddingsubstancessuchasammoniatocigarettetobaccotoreleasemorenicotine.Ammoniahelpskeepnicotineinitsbasicform,whichismorereadilyvaporisedbytheintenseheatoftheburningcigarettethantheacidicform.Mostcigarettesfor
saleintheUStodaycontain10milligramsormoreofnicotine.Byinhalingsmokefromalightedcigarette,theaveragesmokertakes1or2milligramsofvaporisednicotinepercigarette.Todayweknowthatonlyaminisculeamountofnicotineisneededtofueladdiction.Researchshowsthatmanufacturerswouldhavetocutnicotinelevelsinatypicalcigaretteby95%toforestallitspowertoaddict.Whena
smokerpuffsonalightedcigarette,smoke,includingvaporisednicotine,isdrawnintothemouth.Theskinandliningofthemouthimmediatelyabsorbsomenicotine,buttheremainderflowsstraightdownintothelungs,whereiteasilydiffusesintothebloodvesselsliningthelungwalls.Thebloodvesselscarrythenicotinetotheheart,whichthenpumpsitdirectlytothebrain.Whilemostoftheeffectsasmokerseeksoccurinthebrain,thehearttakesahitaswell.Studieshaveshownthatasmoker'
sfirstcigaretteofthedaycanincreasehisorherheartrateby10to20beatsaminute.Scientistshavefoundthatasmokedsubstancereachesthebrainmorequicklythanoneswallowed,snorted(suchascocainepowder)oreveninjected.Indeed,anicotinemoleculeinhaledinsmokewillreachthebrainwithin10
seconds.Thenicotinetravelsthroughbloodvessels,whichbranchoutintocapillarieswithinthebrain.
Capillariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodatenicotinemoleculesaswell.Onceinsidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthereleaseofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.
Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffusesthroughcapillarywalls.Itthenmigratestothespacessurroundingneurons—ganglioncellsthattransmitnerveimpulsesthroughoutthenervoussystem.Theseimpulsesarethebasisforourthoughts,feelings,andmoods.Totransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbor,aneuronereleaseschemicalmessengersknownasneurotransmitters.Likenicotinemolecules,theneurotransmittersdriftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneuroneandthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpulse.
Theneurotransmittersbindontoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftherecipientneurone.Thisopenschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,ofsodium.Thisgeneratesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothereceptors.Itwinsand,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsintothecell.Butthere'
salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrentspreadsacrossthemembrane.Thisbiggercurrentcausesincreasedelectricalimpulsestotravelalongcertainneurones.Withrepeatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreasedelectricalactivity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.
问题1~7,符合文章内容的填写Y;
不符合文章内容的填写N;
文章未提及的填写NG。
问题8~10,根据文章内容补充句子。
1.Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnecessarilytheonethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.
2.Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeopleayeargiveupsmoking.
3.Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople'
sabilitiestoperformsomeactionsmorequickly.
4.Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.
5.Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.
6.Nicotinedilatesthebloodvesselsthatcarryitaroundthebody.
7.Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.
8.Cigarettecompanieswouldhavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesby________________topreventthemfrombeingaddictive.
9.Accordingtothepassage,acigarettecanraiseasmoker'
sheartrateby______________aminute.
10.Inordertotransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronesends________________knownasneurotransmitters.
二.选择填空(共20分,每小题1分)
11.Wemostprefertosayyestothe____ofsomeoneweknowandlike.
A.attempts B.requests C.doubts D.promises
12.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome____andthenletmeknow.
A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority
13.Hegavehimselfanewnametohidehis____whenhewenttocarryoutthesecrettask.
A.emotion B.talent C.identity D.treasure
14.Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis____andhadabadfall.
A.balance B.chance C.memory D.place
15.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.
—I’dliketo,butI’mafraidshewon’tbehappywithmy____.
A.requests B.excuses C.apologies D.regrets
16.Someschoolswillhavetomake____inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.
A.judgments B.adjustments C.comments D.achievements
17.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce____istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.
A.production B.stress C.energy D.power
18.Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerful____inlastyear’selection.
A.symbol B.portrait C.identity D.statue
19.Windisnowtheworld’sfastestgrowing____ofpower.
A.source B.sense C.result D.root
20.—Didyoufinishreadingthatlongnovel?
—No,Iranoutof____.It’stoolongandIonlycompletedhalfofit.
A.sympathy B.devotion C.patience D.strength
21.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,____allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.
A.couldlose B.wouldhavelostC.mightlose D.oughttohavelost
22.Accordingtotherecord,scientistsfoundthattemperaturesofthissummerareabove____.
A.ordinary B.common C.average D.usual
23.Thediscussiontopicofthisconference____environmentalprotectionproblems.
A.focusedon B.puton C.tookon D.carriedon
24.It’sherverycleverness_____makesitdifficultforhertoworkwith.
A.what B.forthat C.which D.That
25.Accordingtotheregulation,manykindsofchemical____willbeforbiddentodumpintotheriverdirectly.
A.submissions B.substances C.subjects D.subordinates
26.—Didyousleepwelllastnight?
—No,theloudnoisefromthestreet____meawakeforhours.
A.hadkept B.iskeeping C.haskept D.kept
27.—Haveyoutoldyourparentsaboutyourdecision?
—Notyet.Icanhardlyimagine____theywillreact.
A.what B.that C.how D.when
28.IthinkthebiggestproblemIbanningsmokingis____peoplecanbuycigaretteseasily.
A.that B.whether C.where D.how
29.Theyareknown____vitaminsA,B,Cwhichcanhelpcarry____chemicalchangeswithincells.
A.from,on B.to,with C.as,about D.as,out
30.Mostpeopledidn'
tacceptthetheorywhenitwasfirst____.
A.setabout B.setoff C.putforward D.putout
三.阅读理解(共30分,每小题2分)
Passage1
Howmuchdoyouknowaboutnutrition?
IfyourknowledgeissimilartothatoffoodshopperswhoansweredthreesurveysfortheU.S.Foodand
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