荷兰的仲裁过去 现在和未来.docx
- 文档编号:7022852
- 上传时间:2023-05-11
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:16
- 大小:34.09KB
荷兰的仲裁过去 现在和未来.docx
《荷兰的仲裁过去 现在和未来.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《荷兰的仲裁过去 现在和未来.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
荷兰的仲裁过去现在和未来
MEDIATIONINTHENETHERLANDS:
PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE
AnniedeRooandRobJagtenberg*IIC
1Introduction:
modernmediationanditspredecessors
Thesubjectofthisreport,mediation,hasbeenaddressedbeforeatconferencesoftheInternationalAcademyofComparativeLaw,mostrecentlyatthe10thInternationalCongress,heldinBudapestin1978.TheDutchnationalreporteratthattime,JudgeElders,hadconfinedhisreportto[]theuseofconciliationfordisputesettlementincivilprocedure(emphasisadded).Thescopeofthepresentreportiswider,andnotwithoutreason.Recentmediationdevelopmentslargelyunfoldedoutsidethecourts,althoughtheemergingmediationschemesarelinkedtothecourtsandthelawofprocedureinvariousways.
TheAnglo-AmericantermmediationfirstsurfacedintheNetherlandsintheearly1990sandhasbecomepartofDutch(legal)languagesince.ThisdoesnotmeanthatmediationasamodeofdisputeresolutionwashithertounknownintheNetherlands.Mediation,asaprocessofthirdpartyassistedbargaining,hadexistedforseveralcenturies,albeitunderdifferentDutchnames,suchasbemiddeling,verzoening,conciliatieor(sometimes)comparitie.Thesemethodsofdisputeresolutionwerecommonlypractisedasaside-activitybyjudges,mayors,oryetotherfunctionaries,usingtheirintuition,experienceoflife,ormereauthority.
Hereliesanessentialdifferencewiththemodernmediation.Whatissomodernaboutmodernmediation?
Inmodernmediation,thetechniqueshavebeensystematisedandrefinedonthebasisofexperimental,predominantlyAmericanresearch.Thebenefitsofprincipledbargaining-focussingoninterests-havebeenanalysedandpracticalinsightshavebeenaccumulated.Onthisbasis,mediationhaschangedintoaprofessionalactivity:
mediatorshavetodemonstratetheymasterthenewbodyofexpertknowledge,theymustbecertified,andtheyareassumedtoknowhowtonavigateonthebasisoftheirexpertise.Theymustbeassociatedwithprofessionalbodiesthatmonitorqualityandguaranteestatus.Anothernoveltyistheinstitutionalplaceofmediation.Modernmediationispropagatedbyspecialisedmediationagencies,whichareincreasinglyannexedtothecourts.
Beforediscussingmodernmediationindetail,atleastsomeexamplesofhistoricalmediation,andpresentday(quasi-)arbitration,mustbegiventoallowaproperunderstandingofDutchlegalculture.
Historicalevidenceofmediationgoesbackformanycenturies.Aninteresting,welldocumentedmediationpracticewasthatofthe16thcenturyLeidseVredemakers(LeydenPeacemakers).VoltairefamiliarisedhisFrenchreaderswiththisinstitutionandthelawmakersoftheFrenchrevolutionerare-introducedthepeacemakersasBureauxdePaix,andsubsequentlyJugesdePaixinFranceandtheNetherlands;afascinatingexampleofalegaltransplant.AsfromtheintroductionofJugesdePaix(inDutch:
Vrederechters,andlaterKantonrechters)itwasnotuncommontofindjudgesactingasmediatorsinthecourtroom.Thisin-courtmediationusedtobepractisedinfamilydisputes,particularlydivorcecases,oftenwiththeaimtosavethemarriage.IntheNetherlandsandvariousotherjurisdictionsontheEuropeancontinent,thecodesofcivilproceduredictatedajudicialattemptatmediatingacase,oftenpriortoafullhearingincourt.Suchpreliminaryconciliationshowever,wereabolishedalmosteverywhereinEuropeinthe1950sand1960s.
Mediationalsousedtobepractisedoutsidethecourts.Industrialrelationsandlabourdisputesconstituteanillustrativeareahere.Firsttracesoflabourdisputesettlementoutsidethecourtsappearedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,originallyasprivateinitiatives.Inthisnewlyemergingareaoflaw,conciliation,mediationandarbitration,forsometime,evenbecametheregularmodesofdisputeresolutionwith,however,varyingdegreesofsuccess.Successappearedtocorrelatepositivelywiththevoluntarycharacterofthese19thcenturyinstitutions.Assoonastheirproceedingsbecamecompulsory,theirsuccesswasonthewane.
In1923theDutchgovernmentintroducedtheinstitutionoftheRijksbemiddelaar(GovernmentMediator),whichnotretainedafterWorldWarII.Itwasnotembeddedintheemergingconsultationschemesbetweenemployersandunionsandthereforemetlittleacceptance.
OtherformsofalternativedisputeresolutionproliferatedthroughouttheNetherlandsduringtheperiod1950-1990.Incommercialdisputes,arbitrationbecameapopular,institutionalisedoption,forreasonsofexpertise,confidentialityandtheopportunitiesforinternationalenforcementofarbitralawards.
Inthenewareaofconsumerlawatrendofsettlingdisputesthroughso-calledGeschillencommissies(DisputesCommittees)emerged.IntheNetherlands,theactivitiesofthesebodiesarecharacterisedasquasirechtspraak(quasiadjudication).Generally,theyarecomposedofanindependent-lawyer,actingaschairperson,whowillbeassistedbyarepresentativeofaconsumerorganisationandarepresentativeoftheparticularbranchofindustryconcerned.Overall,thesecommitteespractisethemethodofbindendadvies(bindingadvice),consideredattractivebecauseoftheinformalityoftheprocess.
Inthe1970sand1980s,Dutchcitizensbecameincreasinglydissatisfiedwiththeoperationofthelawduetoinaccessibilityofthecourts,overcrowdeddockets,increasedformalism,longdelaysandhighcosts.Thesefactorswerestrongincentivestoconsiderothermodesofdisputeresolution.Inaddition,itwasfeltthatcourtswereoftennotwellequippedtoaddressthenucleusoftheproblem,andtoreallysolvethedisputesubmitted.OnlyahandfulofacademicsandpractisinglawyerssoughtinspirationinthemodernmediationtechniquesintheUS.AnearlyadvocateofmediationwastheRotterdamprofessoroffamilylaw,PeterHoefnagels,whocombinesthepracticeandacademicstudyofmediationsince1974.
Alltheseexamplesmayhavecreatedafertilesoilfortheupcomingmodernmediation.
Asindicated,theriseofmodernmediationbeganintheUS,whereschemesemergedinavarietyofareasinthelate1970s.TheAmericanenthusiasmforprofessional,institutionalisedmediationspreadtoEurope,inthelate1980sandearly1990s.IntheNetherlands,initially,itwereparticularlyrepresentativesoftheprivatesectorthatbecameinterestedandinvolvedinADR,inspiredbyUSandUKdevelopments.
2Privateinitiative
1992isanimportantyearintherecenthistoryofmodernDutchmediation.Forthefirsttimeagroupofpeople,mainlylegalprofessionals,cametogethertodiscussthepromiseandprospectsofmediation.Someoftheseearlyfightersformediation,basingthemselvesontheirpersonalandprofessionalexperiences,hadbecomedissatisfiedwiththeoutcomesoflegalsolutions,oftenignoringtheparticularneedsofparties.
Fromtheverybeginningcontactwassoughtwiththegovernment,whichresultedinalivelyexchangeofideasandviews.Thegovernmentalparticipationwouldappeartobemainlydirectedatinitiatingandfinancingexperiments.
In1993theNederlandsMediationInstituut(NetherlandsMediationInstitute)NMIwasformallyestablishedasafoundation,withthemainpurposeofinformingthepeopleatlargeaboutmediationandstimulatingandfurtheringthepractiseandqualityofmediation.
Intheearlystageofitsformation,NMIwasinspiredbytheAmericanCenterforPublicResourcesandtheBritishCentreforDisputeResolution.ThepioneersoftheseinstitutionshadbeentheAmericanandBritishbusinesscommunities.UnlikeCPRandCEDR,however,NMIwishestoserveallbranchesinsocietywithaninterestinmediation.
NMImaintainsaregisterofaccreditedNMI-mediatorsandliaiseswithotherinstitutionsandgovernmentdepartments.ToberegisteredasaNMI-mediatoronemusthaveattended(withsuccess)oneoftheNMI-accreditedmediationtrainingcourses.Inaddition,thereisanannualcontributionofapproximately200EUROdue.NMIhasitsownmediationanddisciplinaryrules,codeofconduct,andcomplaintprocedure,whichtheNMI-mediatorhastocomplywith.Consideringitsactivities,NMIcanberegardedasanumbrellaorganisation.
TheestablishmentofNMIwasthefirstsignofinstitutionalisationofmediationintheNetherlands.Todate,therearemorethan2000NMI-mediatorsandtherearemoremediatorstocome.Itissurprisingthatmostmediationtrainingprogrammesare-still-fullybooked.Thenumberisexorbitant,whencomparedtothetotalnumberofmediationsconcluded.Between1996-2001,1222mediationswereinitiatedthroughNMI.Thisnumberimpliesthatonaverageonemediatorhandleshalfamediationannually!
This(over)supplyofmediatorsisnotwellbalancedwiththedemandformediation:
thefrustrationofDutchmediators.
3Governmentinterest
ThefoundationofNMIwasanimpetusforthegovernment,inparticulartheMinistryofJustice,toengageinmediation.OneofthefirstactionsoftheMinistryofJusticewastheinstallationoftheso-calledPlatformADRinAugust1996.Itsmaintaskwastoinvestigatetheprospectsformediationincourtproceedings.Thecompositionofthecommitteewaswide.Therewererepresentativesofthejudiciary,legalprofession,academiccommunity,andtheministryitself.ThemajorfindingsandrecommendationsoftheplatformwerelaiddowninitsfinalreportConflictbemiddeling(Conflictmediation).UndertheauspicesofthePlatformADRtwocourtannexedmediationpilotprojectswereundertaken.Animportantfindingwasthatthereferraltomediationbyjudgesandlegalaidbureauswasproblematic.
AmajorrecommendationbythePlatformADRwastocontinueexper
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 荷兰的仲裁过去 现在和未来 荷兰 仲裁 过去 现在 未来