四级阅读真题第一套卷答案文档格式.docx
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四级阅读真题第一套卷答案文档格式.docx
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serous?
Areyouangry?
Whatwillhappenifshethrowsthespoonagain?
Sheisnotdoing
thistodriveyou41;
rather,sheislearningthatherdesiresandyourscandiffer,andthatsometimesthose42areimportantandsometimestheyarenot.
Howandwhydoeschidren'
sthinkingchange?
Inthe1920s.Swisspsychologist
JeanPiagetproposedthatchildren'
s认知ngniae(tiesunfold43,likethe
bloomingofaflower,almostindependentofwhatelseis44intheirlives.Although
manyofhisspecificconclusions
havebeen45ormodifiedovertheyears,hisideasinspiredthousandsofstudiesbyinvestigatorsallovertheworld.
A.advocate
B.amount
C.confirmed
D.crazy
E.definite
F.differences
G.favorite
H.happening
[immediately
J.naturally
K.obtaining
L.primarily
M.protest
N.rejected
O.theories
答案:
GMBOIQFJHN
ThePerfectEssay
ALookingbackontoomanyyearsofeducation,Icanidentifyonetruly
impossibleteacher.Shecaredaboutme,andmyintellectuallife,
evenwhenIdidn
'
t.Herexpectationswerehpglssiblyso.ShewasanEnglishteacher.Shewasalsomymother.
BWhengoodstudentsturninanessay,theydreamoftheirinstructor
returningittotheminexactlythesamecondition,saveforasinglewordaddedin
themarginofthefinalpage:
”Flawless.”Thisdreamcametrueformeoneafternoonin
theninthgrade.Ofcourse,Ihadheardthatgeniuscouldshowitselfatanearlyage,soI
wasonly
slightlytakenabackthatIhadachievedperfectionatthetenderageof14.Obviously,
Ididwhatanyprofessionalwriterwoulddo;
I
CMymother,whoisjustshyoffivefeettall,isnormallyincredibly
soft-spoken,butontherareoccasionwhenshegotangry,shewasterrifying.Iamnotsureifshewasmoreupsetbymyhubrig得意忘形orbythefactthatmyEnglishteacherhadletmyegogetsooutofhand.Inanyevent,mymotherandherredpenshowedmehow
deeplyflawedaflawlessessaycouldbe.Atthetime,Iamsureshethoughtshewasteachingmeaboutmechanics,transition过渡,
structure,styleandvoice.ButwhatIlearned,andwhatstuckwithmethroughmytimeteachingwritingatHarvard,wasadeeperlessonaboutthenatureofcreativecriticism.
DFistoff,ithurts.Genuinecriticism,thetypethatleavesalastingmark
onyouasawriter,alsoleavesanexistentialimprin印记onyouasaperson.Ihaveheardpeoplesaythatawritershouldnevertake
criticismpersonally.Isaythatweshouldneverlistentothesepeople.
ECriticism,atitsbest,isdeeplypersonal,andgetstotheheartofwhywewritethewaywedo.Theintimatenatureofgenuinecriticismimpliessomethingaboutwhoisabletogiveit,namely,someonewhoknowsyouwellenoughtoshowyouhowyourmentallifeisgettinginthewayofgoodwriting.Conveniently,theyarealsothepeoplewhocare
enoughtoseeyouthroughthispainfulrealization.
Formeittooktheformofmyfirst,andIhopeonly,encounterwithwriterlock—'
sI
Iwasnotabletoproduceanythingforthreeyears.
FFranzKafkaoncesaid:
”Writingisutterso独处de(hedescent
intothecoldabyss深渊ofoneself.“Mymother'
scriticismhadshownmethat
Kafkaisrightaboutthecoldabyss,andwhenyoumaketheintrospectivep内省的decent
thatwritingrequiresyouareoutalwayspleasedbywhatyoufind.”But,intheyearstl
followed,hersustainedtutoringsuggestedthatKafkamightbe
wrongaboutthesolitude.Iwasluckyenoughtofindacriticand
teacherwhowaswillingtomakethejourneyofwritingwithme.“Itisathingofno
greatdifficulty,”accordingtoPlutarch,“toraiseobjectionsagainstanotherman
itisaveryeasymatter;
buttoproduceabetterinitsplaceisaworkextremely
troublesome.”IamsureIwroteessaysinthelateryearsofhigh
schoolwithoutmymother'
sguidanee,butIcan'
trecallthem.
WhatIremember,however,ishowwetookupthe“extremely
troublesome”workofongoingcriticism.
GTherearetwowaystointerpretPlutarchwhenhesuggeststhata
criticshouldbeabletoproduce“abetterinitsplace.”Ina
straightforwardsense,hecouldmeanthatacriticmustbemore
talentedthantheartistshecritiques评论.Mymotherwaswell
coveredonthiscount.ButperhapsPlutarchissuggestingsomethingslightly
different,somethingabitclosertoMarcusCicero'
sclaimthatoneshould“criticiz
creation,notbyfindingfault.”
Genuinecriticismcreatesapreciousopeningforanauthorto
becomebetteronthisownterm—aprocessthatisoftenextremelypainful,butalsoalmostalwaysmeaningful.
HMymothersaidshewouldhelpmewithmywriting,butfistIhad
myself.Foreachassignment,IwaswritethebestessayIcould.Realcriticismisnotmeanttofindobviousmistakes,soifshefound
any—thetypeIcouldhavefoundonmyown—Ihadtostartfromscratch.Fromscratch.Oncetheessaywas“flawless,”shewouldtakeaneveningtowalkmethrough
myerrors.Thatwaswhentruecriticism,thetypethatchangedmeasaperson,began.
IShecriticizedmewhenIincludedlittle-knownreferencesand
professionaljargon行话.Shehadnopatienceforbrilliantbut
irrelevantfiguresofspeech.“Writers虚张声势ttbluff(
waythroughignorance.”Thatwasnewstowomldne—dtofindanotherway
tostructuremydailyexistence.
JShetrimmedbackmyfloweryIanguage,drewlinesthroughmyexclamationmarks
andarguedforthevalueofrestraintin
expression.“John,”shealmostwhispered.Ilearnedintohear
her:
”Ican'
thearyouwhenyoushoutatme.”SoIstoppedshoutingandbluffing,andslowlymywritingimproved.
KSomewherealongthewayIsetasidemyhopesofwritingthatflawlessessay.ButperhapsImissedsomethingimportantinmy
mother'
slessonsabouiativityandperfection.Perhapsthepointofwritingthe
flawlessessaywasnottogiveup,buttoneverwillinglyfinish.Whitmanrepeatedlyreworded“SongofMyself”between1855and1891.Repeatedly.Wedoourabsolutebestwiryapieceofwriting,andcomeascloseaswecantotheideal.And,forthetimebeing,wesettle.Incritique,however,weareforcedtodepart,togiveuptheperfectionwethoughtwehadachievedforthechaneeof
beingevenalittlebitbetter.ThisisthelessonItookfrommymother.
Ifperfectionwerepossible,itwouldnotbemotivating.
46.Theauthorwasadvisedagainsttheimproperuseoffiguresofspeech.
47.Theauthor'
smothertaughthimavaluablelessonbypointingoutlotsofflawsinhisseeminglyperfectessay.
48.Awritershouldpolishhiswritingrepeatedlysoastogetclosertoperfection.
49.Writersmayexperienceperiodsoftimeintheirlifewhentheyjust
can'
tproduceanything.
50.Theauthorwasnotmuchsurprisedwhenhisschoolteachermarkedhisessayas
“flawless”.
51.Criticizingsomeone'
sspeechissaidtobeeasierthancomingupwithabetter
one.
52.Theauthorlooksuponhismotherashismostdemandingandcaringinstructor.
53.Thecriticismtheauthorreceivedfromhismotherchangedhimasaperson.
54.TheauthorgraduallyimprovedhiswritingbyavoidingfancyIanguage.
55.Constructivecriticismgivesanauthoragoodstarttoimprovehiswriting.
ICKEB,FAHJG
CouldyoureproduceSiliconValleyelsewhere,oristheresomethinguniqueaboutit?
Itwouldn'
tbesurprisingifitwerehardtoreproduceinothercountries,becauseyou
couldn'
treproduceitinmostoftheUSeither.WhatdoesittaketomakeaSiliconValley?
It'
stherightpeople.Ifyoucouldgettherighttenthoid^ople
tomovefromSiliconValleytoBuffalo,BuffalowouldbecomeSiliconValley.
Youonlyneedtwokindsofpeopletocreateatechnologyhub中心:
richpeopleandnerds痴迷科研的人.
Observationbearsthisout.WithintheUS,townshavebecomestartuphubsifand
onlyiftheyhavebothrichpeopleandnerds.FewstartupshappeninMiami,forexample,becausealthoughit'
sfullofrichpeople,ithasfewnerds.It'
snotthekindofplace
like.
WhereasPittsburghastheoppositeproblem:
plentyofnerds,butnorichpeople.The
topUSComputerSciencedepartmentsaresaidtobeMIT,Stanford,Berkeley,and
Carnegie-Mellon.MITyieldedRoute128.StanfordandBerkeleyyieldedSiliconValley.
ButwhatdidCarnegie-MellonyieldinPittsburgh?
AndwhathappenedinIthaca,home
ofCornellUniversity,whichisalsohighonthelist.
IgrewupinPittsburghandwenttocollegeatCornell,soIcananswerforboth.The
weatheristerrible,particularlyinwinter,andthere'
snointerestingoldcitytomakeu|
forit,asthereisinBoston.Richpeopledon'
twanttoliveinPittsburghorIthaca.So
whilethereareplentyofhackers电脑迷whocouldstartstartups,there'
snooneto
investinthem.
Doyoureallyneedtherichpeople?
Wouldn'
titworktohavethe
governmentinvestthenerds?
No,itwouldnot.Startupinvestorsareadistincttypeofrichpeople.Theytendtohavealotofexperien
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