牛津版高中英语模块7课本及翻译文档格式.docx
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牛津版高中英语模块7课本及翻译文档格式.docx
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Afewyearslater,colorTVwasfirstshownin1929.Ittookmorethantwodecades,though,until1951,forcolourbroadcaststobeginintheUSA.By1967,mostbroadcastswereincolorandwithinfiveyears,morecolourthanblack-and-whiteTVsetswerebeingused.
Themodernage:
cableTV,satelliteTV,digitalTV,...
CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofAmericanhouseholdshadit.SatelliteswereusedtobroadcastTVbeginningin1962.
SomeconsiderdigitalTVtobesuperiortosatelliteTVbecauseitallowsthesameservicestobedeliveredwithclearerpicturesthanbefore.InternationalstandardsfordigitalTVwereestablishedin1989andwithinfiveyears,consumersintheUSAhadaccessto200channels.By2004,digitalTVsignalswerebeingreceivedby55percentofhouseholdsinBritain.
In1996,acompletelynewconceptwasintroducedwhenthefirstWebTVset-topboxescameontothemarket.ThiscombinestheTVsetwiththeWorldWideWeb.WithinteractiveTVprogramming,youcanplayalongwithgameshows,respondtoquestionnairesandchattootherviewers.
Earlyhistoryofaudiodevices
Itallbeganin1877whenThomasEdisonmadethefirstrecordingofahumanvoice.Tenyearslater,thefirstrecordplayerwasdeveloped.ItwasinventedbyEmileBerliner,aGermanlivingintheUSA.Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhandandonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.In1958,thefirstLPs(long-playrecords)cameontothemarket.
Taperecordersandplayers
1931wastheyearwhenaGermancompanybegantomakethefirsttaperecorders,whichcouldrecordandplaysoundsonatapewoundaroundaroundobject.In1948,threeAmericanscientistsinventedthetransistor,whichisasmallelectronicdevicetocontrolanelectriccurrent,buttheyonlydevelopeditformilitaryuse.TwoyoungJapaneseengineershadabetteridea.Theyboughtthepatentandappliedthetechnologytocreatethetransistorradio.In1954,theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.Then,in1979,theWalkman,aportablepocket-sizedcassettetapeplayer,wasintroducedandbecamesopopularthatWalkmanwasaddedtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryin1986.
Soundgoesdigital
In1982,thefirstCDs(compactdiscs)producedbyusingdigitaltechnologyweremadeavailable.In1986,whentheD-50,aportableCDplayer,waslaunched,theDiscmanwasborn.Inthefollowingyears,moreCDrecordingsbecameavailable,andin1988,forthefirsttimeever,peopleweredemandingmoreCDsthanLPs.
ThenextnewdevelopmentwastheMD(MiniDisc)playerin1992.ThisislikeaminiCDplayerbutcanalsorecordmusicandisveryeasytocarry,beingverysmall,asthename'
mini1indicates.
DevelopmentofMP3technologystartedin1987inGermanyandsincethebeginningof1999,thepopularityofMP3hasincreasedtosuchadegreethatmajorcorporationsaretakingovertheportablemusicplayermarketwithMP3players.TheyarethenextsteponfromtheWalkman,DiscmanandMDplayer.Becauseofthepopularityof
MP3players,musicwebsiteshavesprungupallovertheInternetofferingMP3musicforpeopletopurchase.
1.Whomightbetheinventor(s)ofthefirstTV?
A.VladimirZworykinfromRussia.B.PhiloFarnsworthfromtheUSA.
C.JohnLogieBairdfromScotland.D.Allthethreeabove.
2.Thepassagementionscountry/countrieswhich
has/haveputdigitalTVintooperationby2004.A.onlyoneB.twoC.threeD.atleastfour
3.WhomighthaveattributedtothedevelopmentoftheWalkman?
A.TwoJapaneseengineers.B.ThreeAmericanscientists.
C.ThomasEdison.D.EmileBerliner.
4.WhatisthemainfactorthatcausesthespringupofmusicwebsitesallovertheInternet?
A.ThepopularityofWalkman.B.ThedevelopmentoftheMDplayer.
C.ThedevelopmentofMP3technology.D.ThewideuseofDiscman.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
a.b.c.
TT
/&
①②盲④⑤,
(T=title1=subtitle12=subtitle23=subtitle34=subtitle45=subtitle5)
Unit2
TwoLife-savingmedicines
Thisarticlewillfocusontwomedicinesthathavechangedpeople'
slives.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,thereisahighprobabilitythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople'
slivessincetheywereinvented.
ASPIRIN
Thedatethataspirinwasinventedisgivenbymedicalhistoriansas1897,butinfact,3,500yearsago,somerecipesrecommendeddrinkingateamadefromthedriedleavesofaparticularplanttoreducebodypains.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromthebarkofakindoftreetoreducefeverandpain.Theactivechemicalinthisjuice(salicylicacid)helpedstopthepain.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedacetylsalicylicacid(ASA)fromsomeotherchemicalstomakeamedicineforhisfather.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegangivingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsasatabletcontaining500milligramsofASA.Thisisoneofthefirstmedicinesintheworldevertobesoldasastandardizedtablet.In
1950,aspirinappearedintheGuinnessBookofRecordsasthebest-sellingpainkiller.
Notonlyhasaspirinsavedmanypeople'
slivesbyreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.Lawrencecraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,istheauthorofseveralpublishedreports,oneofwhichintroducedtheideain1953thataspirincouldreducetheriskofheartattacksbythinningblood.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirinwasablood-thinningmedicine,andin1977,astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthatthechemicalASAinaspirincouldpreventastroke,whichisatypeofseriousillnesswhenbloodvesselsinthebrainburstsuddenlyorareblocked.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthatASAcouldreducetheriskofcoloncancerby40percent.In1999,aspirinwas100yearsoldandyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesonhowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeople'
slives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthatASAcouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.
PENICILLIN
Anotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople'
shealthispenicillin.Thisbacteria-killingmedicineisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.Henotedthatmouldhadgrownonaspecialtransparentjellythathadbacteriaonit.Hesawthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelythoughtthatthisapplicationmighthelpintreatingwoundsand川nessescausedbybacteria.Henamedthechemicalfoundinthemould'
penicillin'
andtriedtomakeitpuretobeamedicine,butwasunabletodothat.Flemingdidnotgiveup.However,itwasnotuntilWorldWarIIthattwootherscientists,HowardFlorey(Australian)andErnstChain(GermanbornEnglish)managedtousenewchemicaltechniquestopurifyit.Theywereabletoproduceitinlargequantities.Theirnewdrugwasneededimmediatelybecauseofthewar,somassproductionstartedquickly.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarII.Itwasadreamcometrue.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfrombacterialillnessesorevenminorwounds.Penicillinisalsousedtotreatotherillnessesincludingpneumonia,anillnessthataffectsthelungs.So,althoughFlemingdiscoveredpenicillin,itwasoveradecadebeforesomeoneelseturnedpenicillinintothegreatdrugofthe20thcentury.
In1945,allthethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirwork,andpenicillinrapidlybecamethepowerful'
wonderdrug'
whichsavedmillionsoflives.
1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetrialuseofaspirininpowderformmaydatebackto.
A.2500yearsagoB.3,500yearsagoC.1897D.1899
2.Aspirinhasbeenrecognizedasthebest-sellingpainkillerbytheworld.
A.forfewerthan50yearsB.since3,500yearsago
C.formorethan50yearsD.eversinceitwasputontothemarket
3.Variousresearchesandreportsshowthataspirincanbeusedinatleastdifferentwaysinmedicaltreatment.
A.fiveB.fourC.threeD.six
4.Penicillinwasdiscoveredinandsavedmanylivesin
A.1914;
WorldWarIB.1928;
WorldWarIIC.1929;
VietnamWarD.1945;
WorldWarII
5.Penicillincanbeusedtotreatallofthefollowingexcept*
A.pneumoniaB.woundscausedbybacteriaC.diabetesD.
illnessescausedbybacteria
6.WhydidFlemingsharetheNobelPrizewithothertwoscientists?
A.Becausetheyalldiscoveredpe
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