Key Terms 15001700Word文档格式.docx
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Key Terms 15001700Word文档格式.docx
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ChristopherColumbus:
Spanishexplorerwho,withthebackingofFerdinandVandIsabellaI,discoveredtheNorthAmericancontinentonOctober12,1492.ThoughhewasoriginallyseekingawestwardroutetoIndia,hisfleetofshipsconsistingoftheNina,PintaandSantaMariareachedtheislandofHispanola,claimingitforSpain.
GiovanniVerrazano:
MarinerwhoexploredtheEastcoastoftheUnitedStatesandNovaScotiaunderthecommissionofFrancein1524.HewascommissionedtoclaimnewlandsintheNewWorldandfindaroutetoChina.HewasthefirstEuropeantoenterNewYorkBay.Hislandclaimswerenotcolonizeduntilthe17thcentury.
FerdinandMagellan:
PortugueseexplorerwhowasthefirstpersontosailacrossthePacificOceanandtocircumnavigatetheglobe.SailingunderaSpanishcommission,heattemptedtoreachtheSpiceIslands.AftercrossingthePacific,MagellanwaskilledbattlingnativesinthePhilippinesbuttwoofhisshipsreturnedtoSpain.
FranciscoPizarro:
SpanishexplorerandmilitaryleaderwhoconqueredPeru.PizarrowaspartofmanyearlyexplorationsoftheNewWorldandwasinvolvedinthecolonizationofPanama.WhenhefoundtheIncaempireinPeruheorganizedaexpeditionof180menanddestroyedtheempirein1531.
JohnCabot:
ExplorersentbyHenryVIIin1497whoexploredandclaimedNewfoundland,NovaScotiaandtheGrandBanksforEngland.CabotwasoriginallysentbyHenryinviolationofthetreatyofTordesillastofindadirectroutetoAsia.Cabot,likeColumbusthoughthehadreachedAsia,unawarehewasexploringanewcontinent.
PedroAlvaresCabral:
PortuguesenavigatorandexplorerwhoexploredwhatisnowBrazil.WhilemakingatriptoIndiaonApril,22,1500hisfleetwasforcedoffcoursebyweatherandhereachedwhatisnowthestateofBahia,Brazil.HeclaimedthislandforPortugal.
VascoNunezdeBalboa:
SpanishexplorerwhoisbestknownforbeingthefirsttoreachthePacificOceanin1513.WhileattemptingtoescapedebthejoinedanexpeditionleadbyMartinFernandezdeEncisowherehetookcontrolofthepartyandleditacrosstheIsthmusofPanamatothePacificOcean,whichheclaimedfortheSpanishmonarchs.
JacquesCartier:
FrenchexplorerwhoexploredtheSaintLawrenceRiver.In1534CartierleadatwoshippartytofindthenorthwestpassagetoAsia.HeexploredNewfoundlandandtheGulfofSt.Lawrence.Whileexploring,heclaimedthelandsforFrancewhichmadeupmostofitsclaimtoCanada.
JuanPoncedeLeon:
SpanishexplorerwhodiscoveredthepresentdaystateofFloridaonMarch27,1512.Followingreportsofafountainofyouth,hesailedfromhiscolonyinPuertoRicototheeasternshoreofFloridawhere,uponlanding,hispartywasattackedbynativesandwherehewasmortallywoundedbeforeretreatingtoCuba.
HernandoCortez:
SpanishconquistadorwhoisbestknownforthedestructionoftheAztecEmpireinpresentdayMexico.OnFebruary19,1519CortezleftCubawithaforceof600men.Uponlanding,CortezwasgreetedbytheAztecswhohebegantosubjugate.HedestroyedallresistanceanddestroyedtheAzteccapitalinpresentdayMexicoCity.
Encomiendas:
GrantsthatgiveapersontherighttotakelaborintheformofslavesoranytypeofhomageformadesignatedgroupofIndians.ChristopherColumbuswhowassailingforSpainandwhowasoneofthefirstconquistadorsalsobeganthispracticeinHispanolia.
SpanishArmada,1588:
NavalforcelaunchedbyPhillipIIofSpaintofightEngland.TheFleetwasthelargestofitstimeinthe16thcentury.TheArmadawasseverelydamagedwhenitwasattackedoffthecoastofEnglandonAugust7,1588andcutnearlyinhalfbystormsuponreturntoSpain,makingBritainthedominantseapower.
ColombianExchange:
Theexchangeofbiologicalorganismsbetweencontinents.ThediseasesbroughttotheAmericancontinentthathelpedtonearlydestroythenativepopulationsisoneexampleofthatexchange.Besidesdisease,manyplantsandanimalshavebeenbroughttonewenvironmentswithvaryingconsequences.
OrderofColonization:
(colony,date,prominentfigure)Virginiain1607,JohnSmith;
Plymouthin1620,WilliamBradford;
NewYorkin1626,PeterMinuit;
MassachusettsBayin1630,JohnWinthrop;
Marylandin1633,GeorgeCalvert;
RhodeIslandin1636,RogerWilliams;
Connecticutin1636,ThomasHooker;
NewHampshirein1638;
Delawarein1638;
NorthCarolinain1653;
SouthCarolinain1663;
NewJerseyin1664;
Pennsylvaniain1682,WilliamPenn;
Georgiain1732,JamesOglethorpe.
VirginiaSettlement
OneoftheNewEnglandcoloniesandcharteredbyJamesIin1606,VirginiawasfoundedtogivetheEnglishterritorialclaimstoAmericaaswellastoofferacolonialmarketfortrade.Jamestown,becameaprosperousshippingandtobaccoproducingcolonyandthecolonydevelopedtheHouseofBurgesses,abicamerallegislaturein1619.
JointStockCompany:
Abusinessownedbyinvestorsthroughcontrolofstocks.ExamplesoperatedinEnglandanddealtwithcolonialmarketsinAmerica.SuchcompaniesorganizedandsupportedthecoloniesthroughchartersfromtheBritishgovernmentandwhiletheyworkedwiththegovernmenttheymadeprivateprofits.
Jamestown:
ThefirstsuccessfulsettlementintheVirginiacolonyfoundedinMay,1607.Harshconditionsnearlydestroyedthecolonybutin1610suppliesarrivedwithanewwaveofsettlers.ThesettlementbecamepartoftheVirginiaCompanyofLondonin1620.Thepopulationremainedlowduetolackofsuppliesuntilagriculturewassolidlyestablished.JamestowngrewtobeaprosperousshippingportwhenJohnRolfeintroducedtobaccoasamajorexportandcashcrop.
Starvingtime:
Theperiodearlyinanysettlementsdevelopmentwhenfoodandsuppliesarescarceduetolackofpreparation,unfamiliaritywiththesurroundings,weather,andinabilitytosuccessfullygrowcrops.Thestarvingtimeusuallycostalargepercentageofthesettlerslivesandlastedforthefirstfewyears.
JohnSmith:
ColonialleaderwhobroughtstructureandstabilitytoJamestownduringitsstartingyears.AsamemberofthegoverningcouncilofVirginiahewaschosentoreplacethepreviouspresidentin1608.SmithiscreditedwithorganizingtradewiththePowhatanConfederacyandleadingthecolonythroughitsroughestyears.
JohnRolfe:
Englishcolonistandfarmerwhogreatlyaidedthecolony.Rolfeiscreditedwithintroducingtobaccoasacropforexport,whichensuredthecolonyofprofitsaswellasbringingeightyearsofpeacebetweenIndiansandcoloniststhroughhismarriagetoPocahontas.
PurposeofVirginia:
Virginiawasfoundedprimarilyforthepurposeofprofitbythejoint-stockownedVirginiaCompanyofLondon.ItwasalsoimportantingivingEnglandterritorialclaimsinAmericatomatchSpanishandFrenchexpansion,andtoalsogiveEnglandmarketsandresourcesintheNewWorld.
Indenturedservants:
Peoplewhopromisedtheirlivesasservantsinordertogettothecolonies.Theservants,whowereusuallywhite,workedforacertainamountoftimesotopayofftheirdebt.ThispracticeledtosocialtensionswithsucheruptionsasBacon’sRebellionandeventuallywasreplacedbyraceslavery.
ProblemsandfailuresofVirginia:
IncludedtroublewithIndiansanda"
starvingtime"
inthewinterof1609whichthecolonybarelysurvived.Virginiaalsosufferedfromdebt,ahighdeathrate,fraudulentlocalofficials,andmoreIndiantrouble.TheproblemseventuallymadetheVirginiaCompanygobankrupt.
Headrightsystem:
SystemenactedfirstinVirginiatheninBaltimoretoattractpeopletothesparselypopulatedcolonies.Thesystemworkedbygrantinglargeamountoflandtoanyonewhobroughtoveracertainamountofcolonists.InBaltimore,anyonebringingfiveadultsattheirownexpensewouldreceivetwothousandacres.
HouseofBurgesses:
AregularassemblyofelectedrepresentativesthatdevelopedintheVirginiacolonyinthe1630’s.TheHouseofBurgesseswassplitintotwochambersin1650,creatingtheHouseofBurgessesandtheGovernorsCouncil.TheHousewasabicamerallegislaturethatwasamodelforourcongress.
SuccessesofVirginia:
VirginiasucceededpoliticallyintermsofcreatingtheHouseofBurgessesasasemi-democraticassemblyandforcinggovernorstocooperatewiththelegislature.Theydidthisthroughthepowerofthepurseasgovernorsdidnotcontrolmoney,andthereforedependedonthelegislaturefortheysalaries.
Cavalier:
ThegroupofsupportersofCharlesIintheEnglishCivilWarwhichlastedfrom1642-1648.ThetermCavaliercontinuedtobeusedtomeananysupporteroftheBritishcrown,especiallyAmericanswhowereBritishsympathizersduringtheAmericanRevolution.
Bacon’sRebellion:
ColonialrebellionagainstthegovernorofVirginiain1676.NathanielBaconwastheleaderoftheuprisingprotestingGovernorBerkeley’sneglectofcallsforastrongermilitarypresenceinthefrontiertoendproblemscausedbyIndianhostility.TherevoltsucceededindrivingawaythegovernoranditappeareditwouldachievesuccesswhenBacondiedshortlyaftertheinitialsuccessbeforeanyprogresswasmadeandtherebelliondissipated.
Puritans
ThePuritansfirstcametoAmericain1620ontheMayflower.ThePilgrims,astheywerecalled,wereseparatingfromtheAnglicanchurchandescapingreli
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