胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx
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胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx
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语言学概论复习要点一.定义
1language
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2definefeatures
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
3Synchronicvs.diachronic
Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryandfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.
4Langue&parole
LangueistheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParoleisparticularrealizationsoflangue
5Competenceandperformance
Anideallanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesinhislanguageiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.
Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations,thatis,theinfinitevariedindividualactsofverbalbehaviorwithirregularities,inconsistencies,anderrors.
6descriptiveandprescriptive7phonetictranscription
Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper.
Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.
Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.8phoneme
Phonemeisaunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbetweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.
phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.9allophones
[p,ph]aretwodifferentphones(音子)andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.(Phoneticsimilarity,complementarydistribution)10assimilation
assimilation,aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound
assimilationreferstothephonologicalprocessinwhichatargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts
11distinctivefeatures
distinctivefeaturesarethosephonologicallyrelevantproperties,thatis,thefeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning,forexample,voicing,placeandmannerofarticulationareallprincipaldistinctivefeaturesofconsonants.
12morphemes
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
11
(Freevs.Boundmorphemes:
Freemorphemes:
thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,e.g.boy,girl,table,nation.;Boundmorphemes:
thosethatcannotoccuralone,e.g.-s,-ed,dis-,un-
Rootvs.affixmorphemes:
arootmorphemecanbeaboundoneorafreeone.Anaffixmorphemecanbeainflectionaloneoraderivationalone.
Inflectionalvs.Derivativemorphemes:
Inflectionalmorphemeprovidesfurthergrammaticalmeaningtotheexistinglexicalitem.Derivativemorphemeprovideslexicalinformationtotheexistinglexicalitem)
Root:
A“root”isthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Inotherwords,a“root”isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Affix:
“affix”isacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeused,onlywhenaddedto
anothermorpheme(therootorstem).Affixesarenaturallyboundandtheyarelimitedinnumberinalanguage.
Stem(词干):
Astemreferstothesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorpheme(曲折詞素)inaword.
Base(词基):
Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;anyrootorstemcanbetermedabase
13positionalrelation
Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.syntagmatic,horizontalorchainrelations.
14RelationofSubstitutability
TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.
15ConstructionandConstituent
Construction:
thegrammaticalstructureofasentenceoranysmallerunit,representedbyasetofelementsandrelationsbetweenthem.
(Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.
Exocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup)
Aconstituentisawordoragroupofwordsthatfunctionsasasingleunitwithinahierarchicalstructure.
ICanalysis:
theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents-wordgroupsorphrases,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.
16category
Thetermcategoryreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthegeneralunitsofdifferentwordclassesaswellastheirsyntacticfunctions
17agreement
Agreement(orconcord)maybedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewithoneanotherintermsofsomecategories
二.简答
1DesignFeaturesofLanguage:
Arbitrariness Duality Creativity Displacement2Functionsoflanguage
vreferential(toconveymessageandinformation),
vpoetic(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),
vemotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),
vconative(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),
vphatic(toestablishcommunionwithothers)
vmetalingual(toclearupintentionsandmeanings) Jocobson
MetafunctionsofLanguage
videational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.4FunctionalGrammar
nTheoreticalapproachtothedescriptionandexplanationoflinguisticphenomenabasedontheirvariousfunctions.
nbasicassumption:
linguisticphenomenacannotbeexplainedwithoutexaminingtheirfunctionItoffersanalternativeto(post)structuralismattemptsatdescribinglinguisticphenomenaformally(i.e.assumingtheautonomyofsyntax)
55.1ThePragueSchool
nPragueLinguisticCircle:
nStartedbyV.Mathesius(1882-1946)in1926,withsuchactivistsasR.Jacobson(1896-1982),N.Trubetzkoy(1890-1938)andlaterJ.Firbas(1921-2000).
nTheCirclestoodattheheartofimportantdevelopmentsinstructurallinguisticsandsemioticsinthe1930's.
nThreeimportantpoints:
nStressedsynchroniclinguistics,butnotrigidlyseparatedfromdiachronicstudies.
nLissystemicinthatnoelementofLcanbesatisfactorilyanalysedorevaluatedinisolationandassessmentcanonlybemadeifitsrelationshipisestablishedwiththecoexistingelementsinthesamelanguagesystem.
nLisfunctionalinthatitisatoolforperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.
5.1.1PragueSchoolPhonology
nN.Trubetzkoy:
PrincipleofPhonology(1939).
nPhonetics&phonology:
differentforparole&langue.
nPhoneme:
anabstractunitofthesoundsystem.
nDistinctivefeatures:
phonologicaloppositions.
nShoweddistinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandgaveanaccuratedefinitionofthephoneme.Trubetzkoy’scontributions
nDefinedthesphereofphonologicalstudies.
nRevealedinterdependentsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsbetweenphonemes.
nPutforwardasetofmethodologiesforphonologicalstudies.
5.1.2FunctionalSentencePerspective
nFSPisatheoryaboutanalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.
nPrinciple:
theroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.
5.1.3Communicativedynamism
nJ.Firbas
nLinguisticcommunicationisdynamic,notstatic.
nCDmeasurestheamountofinfoanelementcarriesinasentence.ThedegreeofCDistheeffectcontributedbyalinguisticelement.Forexample,
5.2TheLondonSchool
nB.Malinowski(1884-1942),professorofanthropology(1927).
nJ.R.Firth(1890-1960),thefirstprofessoroflinguisticsintheUK(1944).
nM.A.K.Halliday(1925- ),studentofFirth.
nAllthreestressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectofL.
5.2.1Malinowski’stheories
nLanguage“istoberegardedasamodeofaction,ratherthanasacounterpartofthought”.
nThemeaningofanutterancecomesfromitsrelationtothesituationalcontextinwhichitoccurs.
nThreetypesofsituationalcontext:
nsituationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivity;
nnarrativesituations;
nsituationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum—phaticcommunion.
5.2.2Firth’stheories
a.语言观
RegardedLasasocialprocess,ameansofsociallife.
n Lisameansofparticipationinsocialactivities.
nLisameansofdoingthingsandofmakingothersdothings,ameansofactingandliving.
nLisbothinbornandacquired.
nTheobjectoflinguisticstudyisLinuse.
nThegoaloflinguisticinquiryistoanalysemeaningfulelementsofLinordertoestablishcorrespondingrelationsbetweenlinguisticandnon-linguisticelements.
nThemethodoflinguisticstudyistodecideonthecompositeelementsofL,explaintheirrelationsonvariouslevels,andultimatelyexplicatetheinternalrelationsbetweentheseelementsandhumanactivitiesintheenvironmentoflanguageuse.
b.意义观
Meaningisuse.fivepartsofitsanalysis:
ntherelationshipofeachphonemetoitsphoneticcontext;
ntherelationshipofeachlexicalitemtotheothersinthesentence;
nthemorphologicalrelationsofeachword;
nthese
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