THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE LOVE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET 英语专业毕业论文.docx
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THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE LOVE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET 英语专业毕业论文.docx
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CHAPTERIINTRODUCTION
1.1Abouttheauthor
ThelovestorywaswrittenbyWilliamShakespeare(1564-1615).HewasanEnglishdramatistandpoet,generallyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguage.Hewrote37playsand154sonnetsinhislifetime.Hisimagination,hisrichnessoflanguageandhisdeepunderstandingofhumanbehaviorshadmadehimuniversallyknownandloved.HisinfluenceonEnglishliteratureandonthewritersofothercountriesisimmense.
Whenhewasseven,hewenttoagrammarschool.Butattheageoffourteen,hehadtobeaschoolmastertohelpsupporthisfamilybecauseofthedeclineofhisfamily.AfterarrivinginLondon,hewasconnectedwithdrama.Heusedblankversetoexpressallkindsofthoughtandemotionfreely.Hewrotesomanyfamousworks,suchasMerchantofVenice,Hamlet,KingLearandsoon.
Shakespearewasoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthenineteenthcentury.TheRomantics,inparticular,acclaimedShakespeare'sgenius,andtheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalled"bardolatry".Inthetwentiethcentury,hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainedhighlypopulartodayandwereconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld.Hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptations.Hislongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmadehimamasterhandforplaywriting.HewasagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.Hewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:
thesong,thesonnet,thecouple,andthedramaticblankverse.Manyofhisplayswerepublishedineditionsofvaryingqualityandaccuracyduringhislifetime.In1623,bothofhisformertheatricalcolleaguespublishedtheFirstFolio,acollectededitionofhisdramaticworksthatincluded
15
allbuttwooftheplaysnowrecognizedasShakespeare's.
1.2Abouttheplay
ThestorytookplaceinVeronacity.Thereweretwohugefamilygroups,theMontaguefamilyandtheCapuletfamily.Thearousedaseriesofnewstruggles.Nevertheless,theygavebirthtoapairofunfortunatelovers.
“Sheisthepearloftheskytolandtheworld!
”RomeodescribedJulietlikethis.Theyfellinlovewitheachotherdeeplyatthefirstsight.Inthegarden,withthemoonlight,theyexpressedtheirlove.Thegotmarrysecretly.Noonewouldhavethoughtthatafterafewhourstheywoulddepart.RomeowastobebanishedbecausehekilledJuliet’scousinwhokilledRomeo’sgoodfriend.Julietwasingreatsorrow.Shewasforcedtomarryanotherone.ThatnightRomeosecretlyclimbedJuliet’sroom.Itseemedtobeafarewell.Hehadtoleaveinthemorning.Itwasneverhopedthearrivalofthedawn.BeforegotmarryJuliettookthesleepingdeathmedicinefollowingtheadviceofapriestnamedFriarLawrencewhosentalettertoRomeototellthefact.NeverthelessRomeodidn’treceivethemessage.Withgriefandmadness,withpoison,hecametothetomb.BecausehethoughtJuliethadalreadybeendead,hetookthepoison.JustatthismomentJulietwokeup.Seeingherhusband’sdeath,Julietsuicidedatonce.WhenthepriestFriarLawrencetoldtheirlovingstorytotheirfamilymembers,thetwofamiliesfinallybroketheirbarriers.Theyturnedtheirconflictsandhatredintofriendship.Agoldenstatuswassetuptomemorytheirgreatlove.
CHAPTERⅡROMEOANDJULIET’SCHARACTERS
2.1Juliet’scharacters
ThedaughterofCapuletandLadyCapulet.Abeautifulthirteen-year-oldgirl,Julietbeginstheplayasanaïvechildwhohasthoughtlittleaboutloveandmarriage,butshegrowsupquicklyuponfallinginlovewithRomeo,thesonofherfamily’sgreatenemy.Becausesheisagirlinanaristocraticfamily,shehasnoneofthefreedom.Romeohastoroamaroundthecity,climboverwallsinthemiddleofthenight,orgetintoswordfights.Nevertheless,sheshowsamazingcourageintrustingherentirelifeandfuturetoRomeo,evenrefusingtobelievetheworstreportsabouthimafterhegetsinvolvedinafightwithhercousin.Juliet’sclosestfriendandconfidantishernurse,thoughshe’swillingtoshuttheNurseoutofherlifebecausetheNurseturnsagainstRomeo.
2.2Romeo’scharacters
ThesonandheirofMontagueandLadyMontague.Ayoungmanofaboutsixteen,Romeoishandsome,intelligent,andsensitive.Thoughimpulsiveandimmature,hisidealismandpassionmakehimanextremelylikablecharacter.HelivesinthemiddleofaviolentfeudbetweenhisfamilyandtheCapulets,butheisnotatallinterestedinviolence.Hisonlyinterestislove.AtthebeginningoftheplayheismadlyinlovewithawomannamedRosaline,buttheinstanthelayseyesonJuliet,hefallsinlovewithherandforgetsRosaline.Thus,ShakespearegivesuseveryreasontoquestionhowrealRomeo’snewloveis,butRomeogoestoextremestoprovetheseriousnessofhisfeelings.HesecretlymarriesJuliet,thedaughterofhisfather’sworstenemy;hehappilytakesabusefromTybalt;hewouldratherdiethanlivewithouthisbeloved.RomeoisalsoanaffectionateanddevotedfriendtohisrelativeBenvolio,Mercutio,andFriarLawrence.
CHAPTERⅢTHEMAINCAUSEOFTHELOVETRAGEDYOF
ROMEOANDJULIET
3.1Socialandfamilycauses
3.1.1Customsatthattime
RomeoandJulietisthemostfamouslovestoryintheEnglishliterarytradition.ThedramareflectsthecharacteristicsofWilliamShakespeare’speriod.RomeoandJuliet’sloveisfullofrenaissancehumanistsofromanticemotionalappeal.Loveisnaturallytheplay’sdominantandmostimportanttheme.Theplayfocusesonromanticlove,specificallytheintensepassionthatspringsupatfirstsightbetweenRomeoandJuliet.InRomeoandJuliet,loveisaviolent,ecstatic,overpoweringforcethatsupersedesallothervalues,loyalties,andemotions.Inthecourseoftheplay,theyoungloversaredriventodefytheirentiresocialworld:
families(“Denythyfatherandrefusethyname,”Julietasks,“Orifthouwiltnot,bebutswornmylove,/AndI’llnolongerbeaCapulet”);friends(RomeoabandonsMercutioandBenvolioafterthefeastinordertogotoJuliet’sgarden);andruler(RomeoreturnstoVeronaforJuliet’ssakeafterbeingexiledbythePrinceonpainofdeathin2.1.76–78).Loveistheoverridingthemeoftheplay,butareadershouldalwaysrememberthatShakespeareisuninterestedinportrayingaprettied-up,daintyversionoftheemotion,thekindthatbadpoetswriteabout,andwhosebadpoetryRomeoreadswhilepiningforRosaline.LoveinRomeoandJulietisabrutal,powerfulemotionthatcapturesindividualsandcatapultsthemagainsttheirworld,and,attimes,againstthemselves.
Thepowerfulnatureoflovecanbeseeninthewayitisdescribed,or,moreaccurately,
thewaydescriptionsofitsoconsistentlyfailtocaptureitsentirety.Attimesloveisdescribedinthetermsofreligion,asinthefourteenlineswhenRomeoandJulietfirstmeet.Atothersitisdescribedasasortofmagic:
“Alikebewitchèdbythecharmoflooks”(2.Prologue.6).Juliet,perhaps,mostperfectlydescribesherloveforRomeobyrefusingtodescribeit:
“Butmytrueloveisgrowntosuchexcess/Icannotsumupsomeofhalfmy
wealth”(3.1.33–34).Love,inotherwords,resistsanysinglemetaphorbecauseitistoopowerfultobesoeasilycontainedorunderstood.
RomeoandJulietdoesnotmakeaspecificmoralstatementabouttherelationshipsbetweenloveandsociety,religion,andfamily;rather,itportraysthechaosandpassionofbeinginlove,combiningimagesoflove,violence,death,religion,andfamilyinanimpressionisticrushleadingtotheplay’stragicconclusion.
3.1.2Thefeudbetweenthetwofamilies
MuchofRomeoandJulietinvolvesthelovers’strugglesagainstpublicandsocialinstitutionsthateitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyopposetheexistenceoftheirlove.Suchstructuresrangefromtheconcretetotheabstract:
familiesandtheplacementoffamilialpowerinthefather;lawandthedesireforpublicorder;religion;andthesocialimportanceplacedonmasculinehonor.Theseinstitutionsoftencomeintoconflictwitheachother.Theimportanceofhonor,forexample,timeandagainresultsinbrawlsthatdisturbthepublicpeace.
Thoughtheydonotalwaysworkinconcert,eachofthesesocialinstitutionsinsomewaypresentobstaclesforRomeoandJuliet.Theenmitybetweentheirfamilies,coupledwiththeemphasisplacedonloyaltyandhonortokin,combinetocreateaprofoundconflictforRomeoandJuliet,whomustrebelagainsttheirheritages.Further,thepatriarchalpowerstructureinherentinRenaissancefamilies,whereinthefathercontrolstheactionofallotherfamilymembers,particularlywomen,placesJulietinanextremelyvulnerableposition.Herheart,inherfamily’smind,isnotherstogive.Thelawandtheemphasisonsocialcivilitydemandstermsofconductwithwhichtheblindpassionoflovecannotcomply.ReligionsimilarlydemandsprioritiesthatRomeoandJulietcannotabidebybecauseoftheintensityoftheirlove.ThoughinmostsituationstheloversupholdthetraditionsofChristianity(theywaittomarrybeforeconsummatingtheirlove),theirloveissopowerfulthattheybegintothinkofeachotherinblasphemousterms.Forexample,JulietcallsRomeo“thegodofmyidolatry,”elevatingRomeotolevelofGod(2.1.156).Thecouple’sfinalactofsuicideislikewiseun-Christian.Themaintenanceofmasculine
honorforcesRomeotocommitactionshewouldprefertoavoid.B
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