交际中的衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence in Communication语言学 语义学 语用学 英语专业 毕业论文Word下载.docx
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交际中的衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence in Communication语言学 语义学 语用学 英语专业 毕业论文Word下载.docx
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交际中的衔接与连贯
英语语言文学专业
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Discourse1
1.2 Cohesionandcoherence2
1.3 Communication5
2. Cohesion 6
2.1 Reference8
2.2 Substitution9
2.3 Ellipsis11
2.4 Conjunction12
2.5 Lexicalcohesion15
2.6 Sub-conclusion17
3. Coherence 18
3.1 Context18
3.2 Thematicorganizationandknown-newinformation23
3.3 Speechacts27
3.4 ConversationalimplicatureandCooperativePrinciples32
3.5 Sub-Conclusion36
4. Communication 37
4.1 Sentence,propositionandillocutionaryact37
4.2 Cohesionandpropositionaldevelopment40
4.3 Coherenceandillocutionarydevelopment43
5. SummaryandConclusion 46
Reference49
Abstract
Thispaperfocusesontherelationshipbetweencohesion,coherenceandcommunication.Cohesionisasemanticcategory.Itreferstotheexplicitrelationshipbetweenlinguisticitemswhichisrealizedbycohesivedevicesorcohesiveties.Coherenceisapragmaticcategory.Itreferstotheimplicitrelationshipbetweenlinguisticelementswhichisrealizedbypragmaticconnections,suchascontext,conversationalimplicature,illocutionaryforce.Communicationinvolvestheinterpretationofboththesurfaceorsententialmeaningandtheimplicatureandintentionofadiscourse.Intheverbalcommunication,cohesionhelpsthecommunicatorsfollowthepropositionaldevelopmentwithinadiscourse,whilecoherencehelpsthemtracetheillocutionarydevelopmentinacommunicationunit.Bothcohesionandcoherencearenecessaryfortheproductionandtheinterpretationofacommunicationdiscourse.Whenevercommunicatorsfailtoidentifycohesioninadiscourse,theyreturntocoherence.Acommunicationdiscoursemustbecoherent,butnotnecessarilycohesive.
KeyWords:
cohesion,coherence,communication,propositionaldevelopment,illocutionarydevelopment
内容提要
衔接和连贯是交际篇章的必要条件。
衔接属于语义范畴,指篇章组成成分之间的显性的连接。
这种显性连接是由衔接手段或称衔接节实现的。
连贯属于语用范畴,指的是篇章成分之间的隐性连接。
这种连接是由一些语用关系来实现的,如语境、会话含义、言外之意等。
交际既涉及到字面的、表面的意义的理解,又涉及到深层的含义和意图的理解。
在语言交际中,衔接可以帮助交际者按照命题的推进来组织话语和理解话语,而连贯则可以帮助交际者理清篇章中意图推进的脉络。
衔接和连贯对于话语或篇章的产生和理解都是相当重要的。
一段篇章可以不必是衔接的,但必须是连贯的。
关键词:
衔接、连贯、交际、命题推进、意图推进
1. Introduction
1.1 Discourse
InthediscussionofdiscourseSomelinguistsrefertoitastextortextualanalysis.Halliday&
Hasandefinedtextas..isusedinlinguisticstorefertoanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatdoesformaunifiedwhole**(1976:
1).Infact,theterm"
text”and"
discourse'
1areidenticalinmanylinguists*works.InthisarticleIwilltakethetwotermsasonething.
therehavealwaysbeenargumentsandconfusionaboutwhatmakesstringsofwordsorstringsofsentencesadiscourse.Inotherwords,whatisitthatmakesapassagewrittenorasetofutterancesspokenaunifiedwholeinsteadofjustacollectionofunrelatedsentences?
Arethereanycertainfeaturesthatarecharacteristicofdiscourse?
Inordertoanswerthesequestions,aprobeneedstobemadetolookintotheinnermechanismsthatgovernthemakingofadiscourse.
Normallinguisticbehaviordoesnotconsistintheproductionofseparatesentencesbutintheuseofsentencesforthecreationofdiscourse.Adiscoxirsemaybespokenorwritten,proseorverse,dialogueormonologue.Itisaunitoflanguageinuse.Itismisleadingtoenvisageadiscoursetobeakindofsuper-sentence,agrammaticalunitthatislargerthanasentencebutisrelatedtoasentenceinmuchthesamewaythatasentenceisrelatedtoaclause,aclausetoagroupandsoon.Adiscourseisdifferentfromasentencenotinsizebutinkind.
AtextisbestregardedasaSEMANTICunit:
aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.ThusitisrelatedtoaclauseorsentencenotbysizebutbyREALIZATION,thecodingofonesymbolicsysteminanother.AtextdoesnotCONSISTOFsentences;
itisREALIZEDBY,orencodedin,sentences...weshallnotexpecttofindthesamekindofSTRUCTURALintegrationamongthepartsofatextaswefindamongthepartsofasentenceorclause.Theunityofatextisaunityofadifferentkind.
(Halliday&
Hasan,1976:
2)
Adiscoursehastexture,andthisiswhatdistinguishesitfromsomethingthatisnotadiscourse.Ifapassageofalanguagecontainingmorethanonesentenceisregardedasadiscourse,therewillbecertainlinguisticfeaturespresentinthatpassagewhichcanbeidentifiedascontributingtoitstotalunityandgivingittexture.Thetextureisprovidedbythecohesiverelationthatexistsbetweentwoormoreitemsinthediscourse.Suchrelationiscalled"
tie”byHalliday&
Hasan(1976:
3),andtheyhavediscussedthecohesivetiesinsomedetailandtheirdiscussionhasbecomeastandardreference.
1.2 CohesionandCoherence
Manylinguistshavediscussedthequestionofcohesionandcoherence.Buttheiropinionsonthesetwonotionsdiffer.Some(suchasCrystal,1985)thinkthatcohesionrealizestherelationbetweenmeaninganditssuperformsandcoherencerealizestherelationbetweenmeaningandthecontext.Some(suchasBrown&
Yule,1983)thinkthatwhenpeopleinterpretadiscoursetheydonotneedtextualmarkers(cohesiveties),andtheyassumethatthediscourseiscoherentandmaketheinterpretationunderthisassumption.Some(suchasWangZongyan,1992)thinkthatcohesionisthelexicalandgrammaticaldevicesinatextandcoherenceistheeffectrealizedbythesedevices.Stillsome(suchasWiddowson,1978)thinkthatcohesionistheexplicitrelationshipbetweenpropostionsofsentencesandcoherenceistherelationshipbetweenillocutionaryactsofutterances.InthispaperIrefertocohesionasanythingatthesemanticlevelthatmakespartsofcommunicativeelementsrelated,andrefertocoherenceasanythingatthepragmaticlevelthatmakespartsofcommunicativeelementsrelated.
Cohesionoccurswheretheinterpretationofsomeelementsinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother.Theconceptofcohesionisasemanticone;
itreferstotherelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinadiscourse.Theinterpretationofadiscoursedoesnotonlyrelyonthelexicogrammaticaldevices;
onehastorefertothecohesiverelationsthatexistbetweentheelementsinadiscourse.Thatistosayinadiscourse,someelementspresupposeandsomeotherelementsarepresupposed.Theinterpretationoftheelementthatpresupposescannotbereachedwithoutrecoursetothepresupposed.Takethefollowingdiscourseasanexample:
(1) Findaproperwordforthesentence.Putitintotheblank.
Itisclearthatitinthesecondsentencerefersbacktoaproperwordinthefirstsentence.Thiskindofrelationiscalledanaphoricanditisthisanaphoricfunctionofitthatgivescohesiontothetwosentences,sothatweinterpretthemasawhole;
thetwosentencestogetherconstituteadiscourse.Whatismore,theinterpretationofitcannotbemadeifwedonotrelyontherelationthatexistsbetweenitandaproperwordinthetwosentences.ThereareseveralothercohesiverelationsthatmakeadiscourseintoawholewhichIwilldiscussinthesecondpartofthisarticle.
Certainlywerelyonthecohesivedevicesfortheinterpretationofthemeaningofalinguisticmessage,butitisamistaketothinkthatmeaningcanbeorisonlyachievedbysyntacticstructuresandlexicalitemsusedinalinguisticmessage.Sometimeswecanrecognizeadiscourseinformbutcannotclaimtohaveunderstood,simplybecauseweneedmoreinfonnation.Toshowthispoint,letuscheckthefollowingexchangetakenfromWiddowson(1978:
29).
(2) A:
Thafsthetelephone.
B:
I'
minthebath.
A:
OK
Howdowemakesenseofthis?
Wecannotfindanycohesivetiesinthisexchange.Butourmindtellsusthesefragmentsoflinguisticmessagesdoformaunifiedwholeinsteadofsomeunrelatedsounds.Thatistosaywedorecognizethisasacoherentinstanceofdiscourse.Whatwedo,ofcourse,istoenvisageasituationinwhichtheutteringofthefirstsentenceisregardedasarequest.Thereasonwegiveitthevalueofarequestisthatwerecognizethewayinwhichitrelatestotheotherpartsoftheexchangehere.Forthesamereason,wetakeB'
sremarkasareplytoA*srequestandashavingthecommunicativevalueofanexcusefornotcomplyingwithA'
srequest,andwetakeA*ssecondremarkasanacceptanceofB'
sexcuseandasanundertakingtodohimself(orherself)whathe(orshe)originallyaskedBtodo.Havingrecognizedtheserelations,wecan,therefore,supplythemissingpropositionallinksandproduceaversionwhichiscohesive:
(3) A:
Thafsthetelephone.(Canyouanswerit,please?
)
(No,Ican'
tansweritbecause)I'
OK(PHanswerit).
Theelementsinthebracketsarenotsuppliedbythetwospeakers(neitherAnorB)butareprovidedbythetwolisteners(bothBandA).
Inadiscourse,suchelementswhicharenotsupplieddirectlybutcanbecomplementedbythelistenerorthereaderconstitutethecoherentrelationshipwithinadiscourse.Adiscoxirsewithcoherentrelationsmayclaimtohavecoherenceinit.
1.3 Communication
Asisdiscussedabove,theinterpretationofadiscoursecannotbeachievedwithouttakingthecohesiveorthecoherentdeviceswithinitintoconsideration.Theproperuseofthetwodevicesbythespeaker/writertoencodethemeaningandbythelistener/readertodecodeitthrowslightonthelinguisticcompetencethatacommunicatorpossesses.HereIamnotreferringthecompetencetothe"
internalizedgrammar"
advancedbyChomskybutreferringitasDellHymes*notionof"
communicativecompetence”orHalliday'
snotionof"
meaningpotentialnwhich,accordingtoHalliday,isnotunlikeHymes*"
communicativecompetence"
.BothHallidayandHymesrejec
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