三一口语九级讲义Word文档下载推荐.doc
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三一口语九级讲义Word文档下载推荐.doc
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对话
●听懂考官的谈话内容并切题应答
●更主动地与考官对话交流
●对考官的评论或见解作出反应,使对话深入展开
●若交流不畅停顿时,应变换方式或更换词语使对话继续不停顿
新增对话题目
●梦和梦魇
●犯罪和惩罚
●技术
●习惯和对事物的迷恋
●全球环境问题
●设计(如:
服装、建筑、汽车、家具等)
语言功能
●表达抽象的思想、观点●表达遗憾、愿望和希望
●表达设想、假定
●变换词语表达相同的意思
●权衡各种选择●假设
●评论往事或事情发生的过程
新增语法项目
●带动名词和/或不定式的动词,如:
forget,
stop,
goon,
remember
●带情态动词的被动语态
●should/must/might/could+现在完成时
●wish和hope后正确的动词用法
词汇
●与自选话题相关的词语
●与第三部分对话话题相关的词汇
●用于引回到原话题的用语,如:
AsIwassaying,
Anyway…
●用于表示犹豫的用语,如:
Imean,
youknow,
●为赢得思考时间继续自己谈话的常用语,如:
Well,
letmethink…
语音
●词语发音正确●运用升调和降调,表示继续或中止自己的谈话运用重读和节奏,突出强调谈话重点
●运用语调、音的高低表明态度
GESE-9
Format
lCandidate-leddiscussionofapreparedtopic(upto5min)
lAninteractivetask(upto4min)
lConversation(upto5min)
Candidateperformance
lUnderstandcomplexandextendedspeech
lCommunicatewithspontanity
lInitiate,maintainandendthediscoursewitheffectiveturn-taking
lUsecomplexexpressions
Functions
Giveadvice
Makingsuggestions
Discribing
Grammaticalitems
Secondconditional/thirdconditional
Forgert,stop,goon,remember
Morecomplexformsofthepassive
Should/must/might/could+presentperfect
Wish/hope
SubjectArea1DreamsandNightmares
Vocabulary
nightmare,elaborated,physical,frustration,panic,grief,confusion,proportion,abstract,physiological,psychological,paralysis,beassociatedwith,laboratory,motivation,phenomenon,significant,self-awarenessunscientific,speculation,denial,explosion,integrity
Definition
lWhataredreams?
Dreamsareaformofmentalactivitythatoccursduringsleep.Dreamingactivitycanvaryfromverysimplethoughtsorimages,toelaboratedstorieswithividcolourimagesandintensephysicalactivity.
lWhatisanightmare?
Anystronglyunpleasantdreammaybeanightmare.It’sthefeeling,notthecontentthatturnsadreamintoanightmare.Fear,shame,guilt,frustration,pain,panic,anger,grief,confusion,oranyothernegativeemotionmayreachnightmareproportions.Mymotherhadahorriblenightmare:
shewasinahugewhiteroomwithhundredsofplants.Soundedlovelytome–buttoheritwas(unconsciously)theafterworld,andshewasn’treadytodie.Itwasaterrifyingnightmare!
Typeofdreams:
terribledreams(nightmares)andsweetones.
Qsrelatedtothisaspect:
describeyourdream(themostimpressiveorrecentdream)andgiveanexamplesinceanabstractsubjectcanusuallybeillustratedbyexamples(Thinkofadreamanddescribeit)
RecurringThemes
Therearemanycommonrecurrentdreamthemesinourculture:
earthquakes,tidalwaves,fires,beingstalkedorattacked,tryingtolockdoorsagainstanintruder,teethcrumbling,losttoilets,testtaking,no-pantsinpublic,etc.
Whendowedream?
Twodifferentschoolsofthoughtexistastowhywedream:
thephysiologicalschoolandthepsychologicalschool.
Both,however,agreethatwedreamduringtheREM,orrapideyemovement,phaseofsleep.Duringthisphaseofsleep,ourclosedeyesdartrapidlyabout,ourbrainactivitypeaks,andourmusclessuffertemporaryparalysis.
Indreams,wecanrecallthingshappeneddecadesago,itmaybeassociatedwithearlymemoriesorstateofmindatacertainperiod.
Dreamrecall
Manypeopledonotremembertheirdreams.Howeverresearchinthelaboratoryhasdemonstratedthatalmosteverybodyexperiencesdreamsbut,foranumberofreasons,manypeopledonotrecalltheirdreamsuponawakening.Dreamrecallcanbeimprovedbysomesimplemeasuressuchaschangingwake-uptimes,payingattentiontodreamsimmediatelyuponawakeningandwritingthemdown,ortellingthemtoapartner.Simpleinterestindreamsandmotivationtorememberthemhavealsobeenfoundtoincreasedreamrecall.
Aredreamsuseful?
Dreamsareanaturalphenomenonandthereisnoharminrecallingthem.
lInfact,thedistortedrepresentationthatdreamsusecanbeusefulbecausesometimestheyleadtoverycreativeimagesandassociations.Manyartistsandwritersusedreamimagesandstoriestoinspirethemintheirwork.
lHowever,sincemostdreamsareunpleasanttothedreamer,theycansometimeshaveanegativeimpactonmoodatwake-uptime.
lAnumberofscientistshavemadesignificantinsightanddiscoveriesfollowingdreams.Becausedreamscanreflectinoneformoranotherourwakingstateofmindorourconcerns,theyareusedinpsychotherapy.
lTherearealsomanytechniquesthathavebeendevelopedfortheuseofdreamsineverydaylife.Payingattentiontodreamscanhelpimproveself-awareness.However,universaldreamsymbolsfoundinpopularbooksaretheresultofunscientificspeculations.Eachindividualhastheirownmannerofdreamexpression.
Reasons
Whatcausesnightmares?
lUsuallyitisyourowntrappedpersonalpower,turnedinward.Thisisverycommoninoursociety,becauseofchildhoodtrainingandsocialconventionsthatrequireyoutohideordenysomepartsofyourself–evensomepositiveones.
Forinstance,womeninourcultureareneversupposedtogetangry.Yetangerisanaturalemotionthatisveryusefulandappropriateinsomecircumstances.Angerappearsinnightmaresinmanyforms(explosions,wildanimals,fires,floods,tonamejustafewpossibleimages).Whenyouworkanightmare,byspeakingastheimage,you’llfindoutveryquicklywhatitrepresentstoyou.Andonceyouhearthemessage,youareontheroadtobreakingthedenialandrecoveringthepersonalpowerthatwaslockedaway.
lAnothercauseofnightmaresisimbalance.Ifyou’vegottenoutofalignmentwithyourinnerintegrityinsomeway,perhapsevenawaythatyou’renotconsciouslyawareof,yourmindmaycreateanightmaretogetyourattention.Orifyouaredevelopingaphysicalcondition(orthere’ssomethinginyourenvironmentthat’snotright)yourdreamingmindmayletyouknowthroughnightmares.
Subjectarea2Crimeandpunishment
I.Crimetypes
lburglary,damagetoavehicle,fraudandforgery,checkandcreditcardfraud,drugtrafficking,vehicle/driverdocumentfraud,sexualoffences,homicide,Murder,Premeditatedandunlawfulkillingofanotherperson,manslaughter,Infanticide,harassment,childabduction,Blackmail,kidnapping
II.Whatarethemainreasonsofcommittingacrime?
(Howdosomepeopledecidetocommitacrime?
)
lThedesireformaterialgain(moneyorexpensivebelongings)leadstopropertycrimessuchasrobberies,burglaries,white-collarcrimes,andautothefts.
lThedesireforcontrol,revenge,orpowerleadstoviolentcrimessuchasmurders,assaults,andrapes.Theseviolentcrimesusuallyoccuronimpulseorthespurofthemomentwhenemotionsrunhigh.Propertycrimesareusuallyplannedinadvance.
lParentalrelations
Childrenwhoareneglectedorabusedaremorelikelytocommitcrimeslaterinlifethanothers.Thecycleofabuse,crime,andsociopathykeepsrepeatingitself.
Childrenwhoareneglectedorabusedcommitsubstantiallymorecrimeslaterinlifethanothers.Thecycleofviolenceconcept,basedonthequalityofearlyliferelationships,hasitspositivecounterpart.Supportiveandlovingparentswhorespondtothebasicneedsoftheirchildinstillself-confidenceandaninterestinsocialenvironments.Thesechildrenaregenerallywell-adjustedinrelatingtoothersandarefarlesslikelytocommitcrimes.
lHeredityandbrainactivity
Searchingfortheoriginsofantisocialpersonalitydisordersandtheirinfluenceovercrimeledtostudiesoftwinsandadoptedchildreninthe1980s.Identicaltwinshavetheexactsamegeneticmakeup.Researchersfoundthatidenticaltwinsweretwiceaslikelytohavesimilarcriminalbehaviorthanfraternaltwinswhohavesimilarbutnotidenticalgenes,justlikeanytwosiblings.
Thedeathpenalty
It’stakenforgrantedthatapersonwhoisconvictedofmurdershouldpaywithhisorherlife.However,thereexistsaworld-widemovementfortheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.Theabolitionistsarguethatthedeathpenaltyisnotonlyinhumanbutalsounscientific.
lThoseinfavourofcapitalpunishmentaremotivatedonlybydesireforrevengeandretaliation.
lCapitalpunishmentdoesnotdeter.
lThere’renumerousmiscarriagesofjustice,especiallyincapitalcases.
lAcivilisedstateshoulduphold,notviolate,thesanctityofhumanlife.
Education
ConformingtoMerton'
searliersociologicaltheories,asurveyofinmatesinstateprisonsinthelate1990sshowedveryloweducationlevels.Manycouldnotreadorwriteaboveelementaryschoollevels,ifatall.Themostcommoncrimescommittedbytheseinmateswererobbery,burglary,automobiletheft,drugtrafficking,andshoplifting.Becauseoftheirpooreducationalbackgrounds,theiremploymenthistoriesconsistedofmostlylowwagejobswithfrequentperiodsofunemployment.
Employmentatminimumwageorbelowlivingwagedoesnothelpdetercriminalactivity.Evenwithgovernmentsocialservices,suchaspublichousing,foodstamps,andmedicalcare,theincomeofaminimumwagehouseholdstillfallsshortofprovidingbasicneeds.Peoplemustmakeachoicebetweencontinuedlong-termlowincomeandtheprospectofprof
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