linguisticsWord格式文档下载.docx
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linguisticsWord格式文档下载.docx
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”请选择谁到了:
A.小李B.小刘C.小范D.曹操
4)大山:
我刚到北京时发现你们中国人很自大!
姜昆:
何以见得?
大山:
因为我在很多办公大楼上看到“中国人民很(银)行”、“中国农业很(银)行”、
“中国工商很(银)行”、“中国建设很(银)行”等等,反正什么都行!
姜昆:
……!
!
5)whoamI?
/我是谁?
6)坐在船上看郊区,越看越美丽。
7)堂客/贱内—夫人/姨太—太太—爱人—老婆
8)五讲四美三热爱/邓论/江选(三个代表)/胡说(三为学说)
12Whatislanguage?
Togivethebarestofdefinition,languageismeansofverbalcommunication.Languageplaysacentralroleinourlivesasindividualsandsocialbeings.Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.
13Designfeaturesoflanguage(语言的本质特征)
131Arbitrariness(任意性特征)
Itreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(discussedfirstbySaussure).Noconnectionwillbeestablishedbetweenthesoundanditsmeaning.
1)/buk/---shu;
I—哀;
water---H2O---shui(水);
sitdown,please.—锡啖先啦!
2)哀,哀,哀,我是扮演普金。
3)I,I,IwasborninBeijing.
Someexceptions(onomatopoeia):
4)cuckoo/bang/neigh/mew
5)泉水叮咚,泉水叮咚,泉水叮咚响。
Accordingtosystemic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.
Example:
不怕辣/怕不辣/辣不怕。
132Duality(二重性):
Sounds>
words>
sentences>
texts
By“Duality”ismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Insimplewords,Dualityreferstothefactthatlanguageisorganizedintermsoftwolevelsofstructures:
thelowerstructure---elementswithoutmeaning,suchas“f,o,g,d”,buttheycanbeusedtoformsomemeaningfulwords:
“fog,dog,god”andsoon.
Higherstructure---infinitenumberofmeaningfulunitswhicharecomposedofelementsoflowerlevel,suchas‘–ly,-ism’etc.So,wecanhavesuchasentence“Godblessesthelovelydoginthefog”.
133Creativity(创造性)
Itmeanswecanutilizelimitedlinguisticrulestoproduceorunderstandinfinitemeaningfulsentences:
eg.S+V+O;
S—NP+VP.eg.Thestudentslearnlinguistics.
134Displacement(移位性)
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutthingsrealorimagedinthepast,presentandfuture.
carrycoalstoNewcastle/情人眼里出西施。
15.Functionsoflanguage
Question:
1)WhatisJakoson`sviewaboutthe“functionsoflanguage”?
2)WhatisHallidayantheoryonlanguage?
151Informative(信息功能)
languagecanbeusedtopassinformationandgiveinformation.
1)昨晚广州城雷雨交加,一女大学生在二沙岛被雷电击中身亡!
2)Twins成员被偷拍一事在香港闹得满城风雨。
3)山雨欲来风满楼。
4)经历了那么多的风风雨雨,这算得了什么?
5)Windy,areyouOK?
Rainyiswaitingforyou!
152.Interpersonalfunction(人际功能)
Thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser`sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.
1)老蒋/介石兄/蒋校长/蒋中正/蒋介石/蒋家王朝;
姓蒋的/honey/打令
Attachedtotheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguageisitsfunctionoftheexpressionofidentity.
1)TMD,阿扁真NB!
—A钱A到机要费里啦!
2)球场响起了“Diu裁判/雄起”的声音。
/海边岛?
海里岛!
3)天天都吃面,只吃一点点。
4)—你是哪里人?
—我是fu北人。
注:
代词的使用可反映人际关系的亲疏,如:
4)Weareconvincedthatthisbooksuppliesalong-feltwant.
5)Maywegonow,sir?
6)Shallwesittogether,Mary?
8)Now,wemustbeabravegirlandstopcrying.
9)一位女客人来访,来访结束后,男主人恰恰有事外出,便和女客人一起离开。
男主人(对其妻):
我们走了。
女主人(勃然大怒):
哪里去?
153.Performative(行事功能)
languagecanbeusedtodothingsorperformactions.
Examples:
(命题内容相同的句子分别实施五种不同的以言行事行为)
1)WillJohnleavetheroom?
(询问)
2)Johnwillleavetheroom.(预测)
3)John,willleavetheroom.(请求或命令)
4)WouldthatJohnlefttheroom.(愿望)
5)IfJohnwillleavetheroom.,Iwillleavealso.(假设)
154.Emotivefunction(感情功能)
Languagecanbeusedtoexpressone`semotion.
1)USPresidentcandidate:
InordertoprovidemorejobsforAmericansinthefollowingyears,GeorgeW.Bushneedstochangeanotherjobin2004….
2)据说我省某前任省长到梅州视察雁南飞茶园后,说的第一句话是“真他妈的漂亮!
”
155.Phaticcommunion(交感性谈话)
Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage,whichcanhelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations.
Example:
1)(在洗手间)A:
你也在这?
B:
是啊。
2)A:
好久不见,发福啦!
B:
是吗?
你身材还是这么FIT!
156.Recreationalfunction(娱乐性功能)
Languagecanbeusedforentertainment,eg.
1)(刘三姐):
什么水面打跟斗咧?
…….
2)(曾志伟):
TVB的B呀!
B仔个仔呀…….
Practice:
Wearehere./语言学的学…
157.Metalingualfunction(元语言功能)
Itreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Wehave“metalinguage”(纯理语言),suchas“finiteverb,independentclause,地etc.
16.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.
17.Mainbranchesoflinguistics
171.Phonetics(语音学)----Itstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.
172.Phonogy(音系学)----Itstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
173.Morphology(形态学)---Itstudiestheinternalorganizationofwordsandtheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemes(语素)andword-formationprocesses.
174.Syntax(句法学)----ItisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,eg.Chinesefurcoat
175.Semantics(语义学)---Itexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
176.Pragmatics(语用学)----Itisthestudyofmeaningincontext.
18.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
181.Descriptivevs.prescriptive(描写式和规定式)
“Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness.”
Thetwoboyslookedatoneanothersuspiciously.
182.SynchronicVSDiachronic(共时和历时)
Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Saussurse`sDiachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.
Question:
《康熙大词典》是共时还是历时词典?
183.LangueVSParole(语言和言语)
Langue---Itreferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakers,andisusuallycontrastedwithparole,whichistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.
184.CompetenceVSperformance
Competence----Atermusedinlinguistics,andesp.inGenerativeGrammar,torefertoaperson`sknowledgeofthislanguage,thesystemofruleswhichhehasmasteredsothatheisabletoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentences,andtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities,It`sanidealizedconceptionoflanguage,whichisseenasinoppositiontothenotionofperformance,thespecificutterancesofspeech.
Performance---Itreferstolanguageseenasasetofspecificutterancesproducedbynative-speakerasencounteredinacorpus.Theutterancesofperformancewillcontainfeaturesirrelevanttotheabstractrulesystem,suchashesitationsandunfinishedstructures,arisingfromthevariouspsychologicalandsocialdifficultiesactinguponthespeaker(e.g,lapsesofmemory,orbiologicallimitations,suchaspausesbeingintroducedthroughtheneedtobreathe).
(某位高级领导开会发言)这个,这个,这个,…..饱受酒精考验的油袖干部永睡不醒…..
Chapter2SpeechSounds
21.Speechproductionandperception
Thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:
1)Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):
thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.
2)Accousticphonetics(声学语音学):
thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.
3)Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):
It`sconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
22.Speechorgans
Theyrefertothearticulatoryapparatusofhumanbeingwhichcontainsseveralimportantareas:
lungs,throat,mouth(oralcavity)andnose(nasalcavity).Theairstreamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariouswaysinthesecavitiesandsovarioussoundsareproduced.
23.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants
Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:
oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.
IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:
Stops:
(塞音)【p】【b】【t】【d】
Fricatives:
(擦音)
【f】【v】【s】【z】【∫】【θ】【ð
】【3】【h】
Affricates:
(塞擦音)
【】【】
Liquids:
(流音)
【l】【r】alsocalled“retroflex”.
Nasals:
(鼻音)
【m】【n】【】
Glides(半元音/音渡)
【w】【j】sometimescalled“semivowels”
Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:
Bilabial:
(双唇音)【p】【b】【m】【w】
Labiodental:
(唇齿音)【f】【v】
Dental:
(齿音)
Alveolar:
(齿龈音)
【t】【d】【s】【z】【n】【l】【r】
Palatal:
(腭音)
【】【】【】【】【j】
Velar:
(软腭音)【k】【g】【】
Glottal:
(喉音)【h】
24.ClassificationofEnglishvowels
Vowelsaredifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:
thepositionofthetongue,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.
Accordingtothepositionofthetongue:
Frontvowels:
【i:
】【i】【e】【】【a】
Centralvowels:
【】【】【】
Backvowels:
【u:
】【u】【a:
】【】【】
Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth:
Closevowels:
】【i】【u:
】【u】
Semi-close:
【e】【】
Semi-open:
【】【】
Open:
【a】【a:
】【】【】【】
Accordingtothesh
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