中美饮食文化差异研究.docx
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中美饮食文化差异研究.docx
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中美饮食文化差异研究
ChapterOneIntroduction
Astheinterculturalcommunicationbecomesmorecommon,peoplefromdifferentcountrieswithvarioussocialbackgroundscommunicatemuchmore.Thosepeoplewhohavedifferentbackgroundsdifferthemselvesbytheirowndistinctivebehavior.LiMingyingoncewroteinapaperthatwhatweeatexactlyformswhatweare(Li,1997).Itisnotonlysuitableforasinglepersonbutalsoforthewholeculture.Therefore,foodcultureplaysanessentialroleinthecross-culturalcommunication.
1.1Thenecessityofthestudy
Chinesefoodculturehaslonghistorywithprofoundmeanings.ThediversityoffoodmaterialandthefantasticcookingskillallprovethatChinesefoodculturedeservesitsperfectreputation.NowChinesefoodculturehasagreatinfluenceonthewholeworldandiswellaccepted.AgreatnumberofforeignerscometoChinanotonlyforthosefamoussightswithhistoricalinterestbutalsoforfood.Foreignersareallverycuriousabouthotpot.Actually,itisnotdifficulttofindthetraceofcollectivism.Chinesepeopleliketoholdasenseoftogetherness.
ItisstrangetofindthatAmericanpeoplealwayspicksupapackofinstantcerealfortheirbreakfast.AlthoughnowsomanypeopleinChinachoosebreadandmilkastheirbreakfast,therearestillsomeotherchoiceslikehotdrynoodle,smallsteamedbunswithstuffinganddeep-frieddoughsticks.Americanfoodputmorefocusonthescientificdietaryratherthanthevariouschoices.Americanpeoplechoosecerealowingtoitsinstanceandhighfiber.DuoXiaopingoncewroteinapaperthatAmericanpeoplearediscreetinchoosingfood.Theyprefertobuyinglow-fat,low-calorieandhigh-fiberkindsoffood.(DuoXiaoping,2005)Wehavetoadmitthatscientificdietaryistrulygoodtopeople’shealthanddeservestobepaidattentionto.
Nowadays,AmericanrestaurantsarescatteringallovertheworldthatmorepeoplegetfamiliarwiththeAmericanfoodfromthosebigchainsoffastfoodcompany—McDonaldsandKFC.Itisnotonlyaby-productoftherapiddevelopmentofeconomybutalsoatypicalexampleofindividualism.Americanfoodcultureadvocatesthatpersonalchoiceisthemostprerequisiteanditisalsothecoreoftheirphilosophicalspirit.
1.2Overallstructureofthethesis
Atfirst,thispapergivesageneralpictureoffoodcultureinChineseandAmericanworld.Secondly,differencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfoodcultureareillustratedwithrepresentations.Differencesareshowedinfoodmaterial,manneranddifferentemphasisofcooking.Thirdly,withthehelpofhistorical,religiousandrealisticreasons,differencescanbewellexplainedindetail.Fourthly,suggestionsareofferedtobothChineseandAmericanfoodcultures.Atlast,thispapermakesabriefconclusionthatitishelpfulforChinesefoodculturebecomingmoreprosperousthroughthedetailedstudy.
1.3Literaturereview
InthebookwhichiswrittenbySamovar,itaimstostrengthenthecapabilityofinterculturalandsocialcommunication.Hisbookdescribesthespecialrelationbetweencultureandcommunicationandemphasizeshowpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundscommunicatewitheachother.(Samovar,2004)ThesameasSamovar’sbook,onebookwhichiswrittenbyDuXuezengin1999alsomainlystudiesproblemsappearingintheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.HisbookillustratesdifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculture,suchasname,greetingandtablemanner.Hisbookmainlyfocusesonthecomparisoninsteadofprobingintothereason.AnotherbookwhichiscalledTheSilentLanguage,EdwardHalldividescultureintothreelevelsaccordingtothedegreeofperception.(Hall,1959)Heproposesthatcultureaimsatcommunication.EdwardHall’sbookistheoretical.Hetriestofreepeoplefromtheculturalrestriction.ThispapertriestodemonstratethedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericancultureandexplainsthedifferenceinaphilosophicallevel.ThisstudyhelpspeopleunderstandChineseandAmericanfoodculture.Moreover,thephilosophicalmeaningisshowedtodeepentheunderstandingofcultures.
ChapterTwoseveralaspectsofthedifferencesbetweendifferentfoodculture
DifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfoodcultureareelaboratedinthispartfromdiverseaspectssuchasmaterial,manner,thewaytocookanddivergentemphasesonfood.Theparthelpspeopletofigureoutwheredifferenceslie.
2.1Differencesintheeatinghabits
ThefirstpointtonoticeisthatChinesefoodculturesusemorevegetablescomparedtoAmericanfoodcultures.Accordingtoaresearchstatistics,ChinesepeopleeatsixtimesvegetableasmuchasAmericanpeople.Infact,vegetablestakeupalmostallthenormalmeals,whilemeatisservedasasupplement.However,inAmericanfoodmeatseemstobeaprerequisiteforameal.Americanpeopleinheritedmarineoriginfromtheirancestor.Intheancienttime,allthematerialtheyneedwasobtainedthroughhuntingandfishing.ThusitiseasytounderstandwhyAmericanpeoplearestrongerandtallerthanChinesepeopleonaverage.Therefore,Chinesepeoplearecalledofhavingvegetarianpersonality,whileAmericanpeopleareofcarnivorouspersonalitywhichismoreadventurousandaggressive.(Liu,2002)Anothertypicalcaseshowingdifferenceisthewidthofmaterial.InAmericanfood,animalorgansandbloodarealwaysthrownawayaswaste.Snakesandsomeinsectsarenotwellacceptedbymostpeople.Butinchina,someofthemarereallypopular.
Ontheotherside,differencesineatingmannerareobvious.WhenChinesepeoplearemakinganorderinarestaurant,theydonotorderjustforthemselves.Thustheyliketoknowwhattheotherpersons’favoriteis.However,inAmericanfoodculture,everyoneordersfoodforhimself.IndividualservingisdeeprootedinAmericanworld.EverypersonhastheirownrightsofchoosingfoodwhichshowsthefeaturesofAmericanpeople—self-image,self-realizationandself-choice.
Fromalltheabovementioned,ChineseandAmericanfoodculturedifferalotinmaterialandeatingmannerandcertainlythedifferenceareledbytheirculturalbackgroundgradually.
2.2Differencesinthewaytheycook
Cuttingtechniqueisanotherfantasticskillinfoodculture.Someoftechniquesaresomarvelous.ComparedtoChinesecuttingtechnique,Americanfoodrequiresmuchlessincuttingtechniques,whiletoolsusedforcuttingarenumerous.
WhetheronedishisdeliciousornotisbasedonitstasteInChinesefoodculture,seasoningsarealwaysregardedasthecoreofthecookingprocess.Chinesepeopleliketoputmainingredientsalongwithallkindsofseasoningsandmakethemmixupwitheachothertotally.TheeffectcausedbydishesjustshowsthefeatureofChineseculture—asenseoftogetherness.Onthecontrary,Americanpeopleprefertomakeeachmaterialseparatelyandatlastputthemtogetherinthesameplate.All-embraceandcleardistinctionaresuitablefordescribingChineseandAmericanfoodcultures.
2.3Differentemphasesonthefood
AfamousproverbsaysthatChinesepeopletreatfoodasthemostimportantthingintheworldandtastetakesupthemostimportantroleinfood.TheproverbbestdemonstratesthatChinesepeopleputemphasisontaste.Frequentlytherearefivecriteriatoevaluatefoodquality—hue,flavor,taste,shapeandimplication.Adishthathassatisfiedallthefivequalitiescanbecalledperfect.Theimplicationofadishisoneoftheprerequisiteforsuccessfulcooking.Itcanbewellexemplifiedinnamesofdishes,suchasFotiaoqiang(SteamedAbalonewithShark’sFinandFishMawandmeatballsbraisedwithbrownsauce).Whendishesareservedtoguests,thosestoriesaddthefunofeating.InAmericanfoodcultures,peoplearelikelytousethemostexplicitnameforadish.
Moreover,Americanpeopleattachgreatimportanceonnutrition.Theyillustrateeverykindoffoodwithapictureofdetailedelementssuchasthevolumeofcalorie,vitamins,proteinandcarbohydrate.Theyalsoemphasizethepreservationofnutritionduringthecookingprocess.WhenChinesepeoplestrivetogainthebesttaste,thenutritionoffoodisdestroyedbylong-timestewingorfrying.IncontrastwithChinesefoodculture,Americanfoodlikestoadoptfreshandslightcookedfood.
Whenitcomestoparty,itisquitedifferentinChineseandAmericanfoodculture.BuffetiscommonintheAmericanfood,whileinChinaitisnotpopular.FoodinChinesepartyisessentialfoodisjustasupportingroleinAmericanfoodculture.TheaimofAmericanpartyistoprovideaplaceforpeopletocommunicatewithdifferentpeople.
Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,theelementarydifferenceliesinthepreferencetocollectivismorindividualism.However,differencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfoodcultureareblurredwiththerapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologynow.Chinesefoodcultureisnolongeronlypayingattentiontotaste.AnincreasingnumberofAmericanpeopleshowtheiraffectiontowardsChinesefood.
ChapterThreeThecauseofthedifferencesbetweendifferentfoodculture
DifferenceshavebeendemonstratedinChineseandAmericanfoodcultureinthesecondpart.Withtherepresentationofhistorical,religious,philosophicalandsocialreasons,howthosedifferencescomeintobeingareexplainedinthispart.
3.1Thehistoricalreason
Chinesefoodhasalonghistorywhichlastsforthousandsofyears.Intermsofthepoliticalbackground,unitedsituationtakesupthemajorroleofthehistory.Thecentralizedauthoritydirectlycontrolsthelandofthewholenation.Thereisnoneedforpeopletofightfortheland.Moreover,Chinaisacountrywhichisbasedonagriculturaleconomy,differentkindsofvegetablesarecultivated.Ther
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- 中美 饮食文化 差异 研究