Machine Translation Trends and ProblemsWord文档格式.docx
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Machine Translation Trends and ProblemsWord文档格式.docx
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Keywords…………………………………………………….…………….1
Preface……………………………………………..………….…………….2
I.Introduction……………………………………………………………...3
1.1WhatisMachineTranslation?
…………………….……….…………..…...…3
1.2Historicalbackground……………………………...…………………...………3
II.TheActualityofMachineTranslationHomeandAbroad…….….……..4
2.1TrendsexistinMachineTranslation.…………………………………………4
2.2Typesoftranslationdemand…………………………………..………..………5
III.ThechoosingandimprovingofMachineTranslationsystemsandsoftwares……………………………………………………..……………………7
3.1Howtochooseanapplicablesoftwareorsystem……………….….……….…7
3.2Examplesoftheproductionsofsomesoftwaresandsystems………….……..8
3.2.1Simplesentences’translating………………………………………………8
3.2.2Complexsentences’translating……………………………………….…..9
3.2.3Twoexamplesofgoodtranslation…………………………..…………...11
3.2.4Paragraphandpassage’stranslating...………………………………….11
3.2.4.1Technologymaterial...……………………….…....….…….……….…..11
3.2.4.2Literaturearticle…………………………………….….…….…….….13
3.3AnalysisoftheproductionsoftheseMachineTranslationsoftwaresandsystems……………………….…………………………………………...…16
3.4Howtousethesesystemsandsoftwares………………..…………………….17
3.5Howtoamelioratethesesystemsandsoftwares……………….…….………18
3.5.1Theapplicationofsymboliclogiconeliminatingdifferentmeanings………………………………………...……….……….…….18
3.5.2Analysisoflanguageenvironment……………………….……………..18
3.5.3Theapplicationofemotionanalysisandprobabilitycomputing…....18
3.5.4Thedesigningofspeciallexicon…………………………….….............19
3.5.5Thedesigningandapplicationofcontrolledlanguage………....….…19
3.5.6Modularizingdesigningforcorpus……………………….…...……....20
IV.TrendsofMachineTranslationdevelopment………….…….…...……...20
V.Conclusion………………………….…..…………………….…………………...21
References…………………………………………………………..………………….21
摘 要:
随着改革开放的深入特别是在加入世界贸易组织以后,中国的国际化步伐正在逐步加快,对外交流与合作逐渐加强,而外语人才的供应远不能满足需要。
外语人才的培养需要一定的周期,所以在计算机出现以后人们设想把机器用于翻译领域,也就是人们所熟知的机器翻译。
五十多年以来,尽管机器翻译取得了很大的突破,但是当今的机器翻译系统和软件在大多数领域还达不到足够水平来满足人们的各种需求。
本文在分析了当前翻译系统和软件的基础上,阐述了目前机器翻译所存在的问题,以及在当前条件下给出一些建议来更好地使用目前的机器翻译系统和软件的作用,探讨机器翻译的发展趋势。
关键词:
机器翻译;
问题;
改进;
趋势
Abstract:
WiththedeepeningthatourcountryreformsandopensuptotheoutsideworldespeciallyafterjoinintotheWTO,theinternationalizedpacesofChinaarebeingacceleratedprogressively.TheinternationalexchangeandcooperationinChinaisbeingstrengthenedgradually,whilethesupplyofinterpretersandtranslatorscannotsatisfythedemand.Totraininterpretersandtranslatorsneedsaptoticcycle,sopeopletriedtousethemachinetodotranslatingsincethefirstcomputerappeared,whichissocalledmachinetranslationthatknownbypeople.Morethan50yearspast,thoughengineershavemadeverygreatbreak-throughinmachinetranslation,currentmachinetranslationsystemsandsoftwarescannotsatisfyvariousdemandsofhumanbeing.Thistextwilltalkabouttheproblemsthatcurrentmachinetranslationexistsbaseontheanalysisofsometranslationsystemsandsoftwares,andsuggestthathowtousemachinetranslationsystemsandsoftwaresbetterunderpresentcondition,anddiscussthedevelopmenttrendsofmachinetranslation.
Keywords:
MachineTranslation;
problems;
ameliorating;
trends
Preface
China’srapideconomicgrowthhasputthecountryintheglobespotlight,andhasmadeoverseascountriesgreatlyinterestedinChina,theamountofbooksintroducedtoChinagreatlyoutnumberedandChinaasoneoftheoldestcountriesintheworldattractstotheworldpeople,butlimitedknowledgeandlanguagebarriershavebeenthemajorhurdlesforforeignerstoknowmoreaboutChina.
Atthispoint,thelanguagebarrierstillexists,moreover,alongwiththewholeworldeconomicintegrationdevelopment,thelanguageexchangebarrierhasbecomethebottleneckamongthecountriesincommunication.Althoughfulltimepersonnelmassivelyemergesinthetranslationdomain,ifstillcouldnotsatisfythetranslationmarketdemandwhichisinflateddaybyday,whetherornotsomekindofmulti-purposemachinecouldreplacetheartificialtranslation,wasmadetheMachineTranslationresearchenteronceagainintopeople'
slineofsight.
First,MachineTranslationhasbecometheintermediatestagebetweenthecountries’communication,ithasformedaresearchandthedevelopmentMachineTranslationsystemupsurgeintheworldscope,thelarge-scalemarketdemandsfacilitatedthisupsurge.TheviolentdevelopmentofInternetmakestheinformationandknowledgediffusearoundthewholeworld,theseinformationinvolveaspectsofpeople’sworkanddailylife;
butthepersonalcomputerrapiddevelopmentandpopularization,makesitpossibleforpeopletoconvenientlytodistributeinformationtoeveryplaceoftheworldthroughtheInternetnetworkserver.IntheInternet,mostoftheinformationexistastextwrittenbyindividualnaturallanguages,butitisimpossibleforaverageconsumerstobefamiliarwithmanyforeignlanguages,ifonewantstobrowseaforeignlanguagehomepage,heorsheneedstotranslatethehomepagetotheonewrittenbytheirnativelanguage,thustheyhavethedemandtotheMachineTranslationsoftwareortranslationengineeronline.
Second,alongwiththeeconomicalglobalizationtimearrivals,company'
sproductmustselltoworld,theproducts’technicaldocumentsshouldbetranslatedtothelocallanguage.Inaddition,internationalorganizationandintergovernmentaldocumentsalsoneedtousethemanykindsoflanguagestowrite,inordertoexchangeinformation,themultinationalcorporationandtheinternationalorganizationfavortheMachineTranslationsystemswithhighefficiencybutlowcost.
Third,aslongasthedevelopmentofeconomic,moreandmorepeoplehavethecapabilitytovisitdifferentcountrieswheretheyhavetocommunicatewiththelocaldwellerswiththantargetlanguage,thereforethelanguagebecomesthebottleneck,thenatranslationmachinewillbreakthisbottleneck.
I.Introduction
MachineTranslation(MT)istheapplicationofcomputerstothetaskoftranslatingtextsfromonenaturallanguagetoanother.
1.2Historicalbackground
Systemsforautomatictranslationhavebeenunderdevelopmentfor50years–infact,eversincetheelectroniccomputerwasinventedinthe1940stherehasbeenresearchontheirapplicationfortranslatinglanguages(Hutchins1986).Formanyyears,thesystemswerebasedprimarilyondirecttranslationsviabilingualdictionaries,withrelativelylittledetailedanalysisofsyntacticstructures.Bythe1980s,however,advancesincomputationallinguisticsallowedmuchmoresophisticatedapproaches,andanumberofsystemsadoptedanindirectapproachtothetaskoftranslation.Inthesesystems,textsofthesourcelanguageareanalysedintoabstractrepresentationsof‘meaning’,involvingsuccessiveprogramsforidentifyingwordstructure(morphology)andsentencestructure(syntax)andforresolvingproblemsofambiguity(semantics).Includedinthelatterarecomponentprogramstodistinguishbetweenhomonyms(e.g.Englishwordssuchaslight,whichcanbeanoun,andadjectiveorverb,andsolution,whichcanbeamathematicalorachemicalterm)andtorecognizethecorrectsemanticrelationships(e.g.inThedriverofthebuswithayellowcoat).Theabstractrepresentationsareintendedtobeunambiguousandtoprovidethebasisforthegenerationoftextsintooneormoretargetlanguages.Therehaveinfactbeentwobasic‘indirect’approaches.Inonetheabstractrepresentationisdesignedtobeakindoflanguage-independent‘interlingua’,whichcanpotentiallyserveasanintermediarybetweenalargenumberofnaturallanguages.Translationisthereforeintwobasicstages:
fromthesourcelanguageintotheinterlingua,andfromtheinterlinguaintothetargetlanguage.Intheotherindirectapproach(infact,morecommonapproach)therepresentationisconvertedfirstintoanequivalentrepresentationforthetargetlanguage.Thustherearethreebasicstages:
analysisoftheinputtextintoanabstractsourcerepresentation,transfertoanabstracttargetrepresentation,andgenerationintotheoutputlanguage.
Untilthelate1980s,systemsofallthesekindsweredeveloped,anditistruetosaythatallcurrentcommerciallyavailablesystemsarealsoclassifiableintothesethreebasicsystemtypes:
direct,interlingualand‘transfer’.ThebestknownoftheMTsystemsformainframecomputersareinfactessentiallyofthe‘directtranslation’type,e.g.theSystran,LogosandFujitsu(Atlas)systems.Theyarehoweverimprovedversionsofthetype;
unliketheirpredecessors,theyarehighlymodularinconstructionandeasilymodifiableandextendable.Inparticular,theSystransystem,originallydesignedfortranslationonlyfromRussianintoEnglish,isnowavailableforaverylargenumberoflanguagepairs:
EnglishfromandintomostEuropeanlanguages(French,German,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese),Japanese,Korean,etc.Logos,originallymarketedforGermantoEnglish,isalsonowavailableforotherlanguages:
EnglishintoFrench,German,ItalianandSpanish,andGermanintoFrenchandItalian.TheFujitsuATLASsystem,ontheotherhand,isstillconfinedtotranslationbetweenEnglishandJapanese(inbothdirections).
Amongthemostimportantofthemainframe‘transfer’systemswasMETAL,supportedformostofthe1980sbySiemensinGermany.However,itwasonlyattheendofthedecadethatMETALcameontothemarket,andsaleswerepoor.Duringthe1990s,rightstoMETALhavebeentransferredtotwoorga
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