什么是创造力CreativityWord文档下载推荐.docx
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什么是创造力CreativityWord文档下载推荐.docx
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4.2TheEnlightenmentandafter
4.3Twentiethcenturytothepresentday
4.4"
FourC"
model
5Theoriesofcreativeprocesses
5.1Incubation
5.2Convergentanddivergentthinking
5.3Creativecognitionapproach
5.4TheExplicit–ImplicitInteraction(EII)theory
5.5Conceptualblending
5.6Honingtheory
5.7Everydayimaginativethought
6Measuring
6.1Creativityquotient
6.2Psychometricapproach
6.3Social-personalityapproach
7Intelligence
8Neurobiology
8.1Workingmemoryandthecerebellum
8.2REMsleep
9Affect
9.1Positiveaffectrelations
10Formaltheory
11Mentalhealth
12SometypesofcreativityaccordingtoR.J.Sternberg
13Invariouscontexts
13.1Creativityprofiles
13.2Indiversecultures
13.3Inartandliterature
13.4Psychologicalexamplesfromscienceandmathematics
13.5Creativeindustriesandservices
13.6Inotherprofessions
13.7Inorganizations
13.8Economicviewsofcreativity
13.9Socialnetworkviewofcreativity
14Fosteringcreativity
15Understandingandenhancingthecreativeprocesswithnewtechnologies
16Socialattitudes
17Seealso
18Notes
19References
20Furtherreading
21Externallinks
Definition[edit]
Inasummaryofscientificresearchintocreativity,MichaelMumfordsuggested:
"
Overthecourseofthelastdecade,however,weseemtohavereachedageneralagreementthatcreativityinvolvestheproductionofnovel,usefulproducts"
(Mumford,2003,p.110).[1]Creativitycanalsobedefined"
astheprocessofproducingsomethingthatisbothoriginalandworthwhile"
or"
characterizedbyoriginalityandexpressivenessandimaginative"
.[2]Whatisproducedcancomeinmanyformsandisnotspecificallysingledoutinasubjectorarea.Authorshavedivergeddramaticallyintheirprecisedefinitionsbeyondthesegeneralcommonalities:
PeterMeusburgerreckonsthatoverahundreddifferentanalysescanbefoundintheliterature.[3]
Aspects[edit]
Theoriesofcreativity(particularlyinvestigationofwhysomepeoplearemorecreativethanothers)havefocusedonavarietyofaspects.Thedominantfactorsareusuallyidentifiedas"
thefourPs"
—process,product,personandplace(accordingtoMelRhodes).[4]Afocusonprocessisshownincognitiveapproachesthattrytodescribethoughtmechanismsandtechniquesforcreativethinking.Theoriesinvokingdivergentratherthanconvergentthinking(suchasGuilford),orthosedescribingthestagingofthecreativeprocess(suchasWallas)areprimarilytheoriesofcreativeprocess.Afocusoncreativeproductusuallyappearsinattemptstomeasurecreativity(psychometrics,seebelow)andincreativeideasframedassuccessfulmemes.[5]Thepsychometricapproachtocreativityrevealsthatitalsoinvolvestheabilitytoproducemore.[6]Afocusonthenatureofthecreativepersonconsidersmoregeneralintellectualhabits,suchasopenness,levelsofideation,autonomy,expertise,exploratorybehaviorandsoon.Afocusonplaceconsidersthecircumstancesinwhichcreativityflourishes,suchasdegreesofautonomy,accesstoresourcesandthenatureofgatekeepers.Creativelifestylesarecharacterizedbynonconformingattitudesandbehaviorsaswellasflexibility.[6]
Etymology[edit]
ThelexemeintheEnglishwordcreativitycomesfromtheLatintermcreō"
tocreate,make"
:
itsderivationalsuffixesalsocomefromLatin.Theword"
create"
appearedinEnglishasearlyasthe14thcentury,notablyinChaucer,toindicatedivinecreation[7](inTheParson'
sTale[8]).However,itsmodernmeaningasanactofhumancreationdidnotemergeuntilaftertheEnlightenment.[7]
Historyoftheconcept[edit]
Mainarticle:
Historyoftheconceptofcreativity
GreekphilosopherslikePlatorejectedtheconceptofcreativity,preferringtoseeartasaformofdiscovery.AskedinTheRepublic,"
Willwesay,ofapainter,thathemakessomething?
"
Platoanswers,"
Certainlynot,hemerelyimitates."
[9]
Ancientviews[edit]
Mostancientcultures,includingthinkersofAncientGreece,[9]AncientChina,andAncientIndia,[10]lackedtheconceptofcreativity,seeingartasaformofdiscoveryandnotcreation.TheancientGreekshadnotermscorrespondingto"
tocreate"
creator"
exceptfortheexpression"
poiein"
("
tomake"
),whichonlyappliedtopoiesis(poetry)andtothepoietes(poet,or"
maker"
)whomadeit.Platodidnotbelieveinartasaformofcreation.AskedinTheRepublic,[11]"
heanswers,"
Itiscommonlyarguedthatthenotionof"
creativity"
originatedinWesternculturethroughChristianity,asamatterofdivineinspiration.[7]AccordingtothehistorianDanielJ.Boorstin,"
theearlyWesternconceptionofcreativitywastheBiblicalstoryofcreationgivenintheGenesis."
[12]However,thisisnotcreativityinthemodernsense,whichdidnotariseuntiltheRenaissance.IntheJudaeo-Christiantradition,creativitywasthesoleprovinceofGod;
humanswerenotconsideredtohavetheabilitytocreatesomethingnewexceptasanexpressionofGod'
swork.[13]AconceptsimilartothatofChristianityexistedinGreekculture,forinstance,MuseswereseenasmediatinginspirationfromtheGods.[14]RomansandGreeksinvokedtheconceptofanexternalcreative"
daemon"
(Greek)or"
genius"
(Latin),linkedtothesacredorthedivine.However,noneoftheseviewsaresimilartothemodernconceptofcreativity,andtheindividualwasnotseenasthecauseofcreationuntiltheRenaissance.[15]ItwasduringtheRenaissancethatcreativitywasfirstseen,notasaconduitforthedivine,butfromtheabilitiesof"
greatmen"
.[15]
TheEnlightenmentandafter[edit]
TherejectionofcreativityinfavorofdiscoveryandthebeliefthatindividualcreationwasaconduitofthedivinewoulddominatetheWestprobablyuntiltheRenaissanceandevenlater.[13]ThedevelopmentofthemodernconceptofcreativitybeginsintheRenaissance,whencreationbegantobeperceivedashavingoriginatedfromtheabilitiesoftheindividual,andnotGod.However,thisshiftwasgradualandwouldnotbecomeimmediatelyapparentuntiltheEnlightenment.[15]Bythe18thcenturyandtheAgeofEnlightenment,mentionofcreativity(notablyinarttheory),linkedwiththeconceptofimagination,becamemorefrequent.[16]InthewritingofThomasHobbes,imaginationbecameakeyelementofhumancognition;
[7]WilliamDuffwasoneofthefirsttoidentifyimaginationasaqualityofgenius,typifyingtheseparationbeingmadebetweentalent(productive,butbreakingnonewground)andgenius.[14]
Asadirectandindependenttopicofstudy,creativityeffectivelyreceivednoattentionuntilthe19thcentury.[14]RuncoandAlbertarguethatcreativityasthesubjectofproperstudybeganseriouslytoemergeinthelate19thcenturywiththeincreasedinterestinindividualdifferencesinspiredbythearrivalofDarwinism.InparticulartheyrefertotheworkofFrancisGalton,whothroughhiseugenicistoutlooktookakeeninterestintheheritabilityofintelligence,withcreativitytakenasanaspectofgenius.[7]
Inthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,leadingmathematiciansandscientistssuchasHermannvonHelmholtz(1896)andHenriPoincaré
(1908)begantoreflectonandpubliclydiscusstheircreativeprocesses.
Twentiethcenturytothepresentday[edit]
TheinsightsofPoincaré
andvonHelmholtzwerebuiltoninearlyaccountsofthecreativeprocessbypioneeringtheoristssuchasGrahamWallas[17]andMaxWertheimer.InhisworkArtofThought,publishedin1926,Wallaspresentedoneofthefirstmodelsofthecreativeprocess.IntheWallasstagemodel,creativeinsightsandilluminationsmaybeexplainedbyaprocessconsistingof5stages:
(i)preparation(preparatoryworkonaproblemthatfocusestheindividual'
smindontheproblemandexplorestheproblem'
sdimensions),
(ii)incubation(wheretheproblemisinternalizedintotheunconsciousmindandnothingappearsexternallytobehappening),
(iii)intimation(thecreativepersongetsa"
feeling"
thatasolutionisonitsway),
(iv)illuminationorinsight(wherethecreativeideaburstsforthfromitspreconsciousprocessingintoconsciousawareness);
(v)verification(wheretheideaisconsciouslyverified,elaborated,andthenapplied).
Wallas'
modelisoftentreatedasfourstages,with"
intimation"
seenasasub-stage.
Wallasconsideredcreativitytobealegacyoftheevolutionaryprocess,whichallowedhumanstoquicklyadapttorapidlychangingenvironments.Simonton[18]providesanupdatedperspectiveonthisviewinhisbook,Originsofgenius:
Darwinianperspectivesoncreativity.
In1927,AlfredNorthWhiteheadgavetheGiffordLecturesattheUniversityofEdinburgh,laterpublishedasProcessandReality.[19]Heiscredite
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