商务信息技术 outcome1 胖子Word格式.docx
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商务信息技术 outcome1 胖子Word格式.docx
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NameofStudent:
LiuZhaopengNameofTutor:
YangLanSubmissionDate:
2014-11-07
Contentsofpage
1Introduction. 1
2Findings. 1
2.1ThreeLevelsOfManagement. 1
2.2InformationSystems. 2
2.2.1Executiveinformationsystem. 2
2.2.2DecisionSupportSystems. 3
2.2.3ExpertSystems. 3
2.3TheDataProtectionAct1998. 4
2.4Copyright,Designsand Patents Act1988. 4
2.5DataCommunicationSystems. 4
2.5.1LocalAreaNetworks. 4
2.5.2WideAreaNetworks. 5
2.5.3Internet. 5
2.5.4TheDifferentBetweenThreeSystems. 5
2.6TheBenefitsofLAN,WANandInternet. 5
2.7ThreatstosecurityofnetworkedinformationandthesecurityproceduresatIceQueen. 6
2.8ICTinnovationsforIceQueen. 7
3Refference. 8
1Introduction
ThisreportisrequestedbyInternational&
CommunicationTechnologyinBusiness:
AnIntroduction.ItwillanalyzetheIceQueenmanagementandhelpthecompanytoimprovethemanagement.
Theaimofthisreportistoidentifyandevaluatetheroleofbusinessindecision-makinganddescribeandevaluatedatacommunicationsystemsandnewICTinnovations.Accordingtothistwopart,thereportwillintroduceandevaluatetheproblemandoffersomesuggestionsfortheIceQueen.
2Findings
2.1ThreeLevelsOfManagement
Thefirstlevelsofmanagementisstrategic.Thestrategicmanagementisresponsibleformakingdecisionanditwillaffectthewholecompany.Itistodealwithunstructuredproblem.Theinformationrequiredfordecision-makingatstrategicistodothelong-termplaning.Ingeneral,itismorethanfiveyears.Meanwhile,theinformationisverywideanditismainlycomefromtheexternalsources.Fromthepointofviewofthelengthoftime,thetimeofinformationrequiredisthelongest.Fromtheexternal,thenationalpolicywillaffectthecompany.Inthiscase,IceQueendividedthebusinessintofourregionalareas,everyareashasdifferentpolicy,ifthecompanymakethemostofpolicy,itwillimprovethequalityofdecision-makingandgainmoreprofit.Fromtheinternal,Theneedofstaffalsoimportant.Inthiscase,Ifthecompanycanimprovetheenvironmentofworkandmeettheneedofstaff,suchasgreatreward,theywillinputmorevigortotheirwork.
Tacticalmanageraremiddlemanagementandtheyareresponsibleforbudgetarycontrol,monitoring,developingoperationalpoliciesandobtainingresources.Meanwhile,theywilldealwithSemi-Structuredproblems.Thedecision-makingwillaffectanumberofpeople.Theywillusetheinformationtomakethemedium-termplanninganditisaboutonetofiveyears.Fromtheexternal,asupplierisvitalforthecompany,inthiscase,IceQueenneedafixedsupplier,becauseitcanassurethequalityofgoodsandsavethecosts.Finally,thecompanycanincreasetheefficiencyandgainmoreprofitsbytheinformation.Fromtheinternal,agoodbudgetarycontrolalsoessential.Agoodbudgetcanimprovetheflowofcashandhelpthecompanytomanagethecapital.Finally,itcanmakethecapitalmoreflexible.
Operationalmanagersarethefirstlineofmanagementandtheyresponsiblefortheroutineactivity,staffinglevelsandothers.Theywilldealwithverystructuredproblem.Theoperationalmanagerusetheinformationtomaketheshort-term
planninganditisaboutpresentto12months.Fromtheexternal,thecustomerneedwillaffectthecompany’sdevelopment,iftheIceQueencanunderstandtheneedofcustomer,theywillattractmorecustomersandincreasetheincome.Fromtheinternal,theattendanceofstaffwillneedconsiderbyoperationalmanager.Theoperationalmanagercanmakemoreperfectandsuitableplanbytheinformation,itcanusetheplantoimprovetheefficiency.
2.2InformationSystems
2.2.1Executiveinformationsystem
Anexecutiveinformationsystem(EIS)isatypeofmanagementinformationsystemthatfacilitatesandsupportsseniorexecutiveinformationanddecision-makingneeds.Itprovideseasyaccesstointernalandexternalinformationrelevanttoorganizationalgoals.EISincludehardware,software,userinterfaceandtelecommunication.EISunderlinethatthegraphicaldisplaysandgreatuserinterfacesareveryvital.Thissystemofferstrongreportinganddrill-downcapabilities.EIScanhelptop-levelexecutivesanalyze,compare,andhighlighttrendsinimportantvariablessothattheycanmonitorperformanceandidentifyopportunitiesandproblems.
TheExecutiveInformationsystemwouldsupportdecision-makingatstrategiclevels.
EIScanhelpsexecutivestofinddataaccordingtouser-definedcriteriaandpromoteinformation-basedinsightandunderstanding.TheseniormanagerofIceQueencanusethesystemtodistinguishbetweenvitalandseldom-useddata.Finally,itwillimprovetheefficiencyofdecision-makingandsavemoretime.
EIScanofferfinancialratiosandcashflowanalysistoestimatethetrendsand
7
makecapitalinvestmentdecisions.Themanagercanunderstandthecoststandardsandflexiblebudgetingindevelopingthequalityofinformationprovidedforallexecutivelevels.
2.2.2DecisionSupportSystems
ADecisionSupportSystems(Power,D.J,2002)isacomputer-basedinformationsystemthatsupportbusinessororganizationaldecision-makingactivities.Thesystemsincludethedatabase,themodelandtheuserinterface.Ofcourse,theuserthemselvesarealsoveryimportant.DSScandealwiththesemi-structuredproblemandthesystemcanassistthemanagerinthedecision-makingprocess.TherearesomefunctionintheDSS,suchasthesystemwillhelpmaketacticaldecisionsandsupportdatacollection,performedbytransactionprocessing,analysisofmodelsandpresentation.Ofcourse,thesystemrangefromspreadsheetstocomplicated,integratedsystemsdesignedtosharedecision-makingacrosstheorganization.Thelastoneisthatitcanbecustomizedtosuittheuser.
TheDecisionSupportsystemwouldsupportdecision-makingattacticallevels.
DSScanhelpthethemanagertocollectthedata.Duetotheinformationanddataareveryimportantforthedecision-making,inthiscase,TheIceQueenhasmanydataandthecompanyneedtomanageandcollectthedatatoanalyzetheoperation.DSScandealwiththeproblem.
DSScanbecustomizedtotheuser,thusthemangercanusethesystemtoadjustthedecision-makingandmakeappropriateandsuitabledecisionfortheuser.Inthiscase,themangercanusethesystemtomakegreatdecisionandmeettheneedofuser.
2.2.3ExpertSystems
AnExpertSystem(Jackson,Peter,1998)isacomputersystemthatemulatesthedecision-makingabilityofahumanexpert.Meanwhile,Expertsystemsaredesignedtosolvecomplexproblemsbyreasoningaboutknowledge,representedprimarilyasif–thenrulesratherthanthroughconventionalproceduralcode.Itcompriseaknowledgebase,inferencemachine,explanationprogram,knowledgerefiningprogramandnaturallanguageprocessor.Thefirstfunctionisthatthesystemisgoodatperformingcalculationsandprocessinglargeamountofdata.Thesecondoneisthatthissystemcansolvetheproblemandevaluatejustlikehuman.Thelastoneisthatthesystemscanusetheknowledgetosolvesomecomplexproblem.
TheExpertsystemwouldsupportdecision-makingatoperationallevels.
ESallowanon-experttoachievesimilarresults,therefore,themangercanusethesystemtosolvesomeprofessionalproblem.Inthiscase,theoperationalmanagercanusethesystemtosolvesomeproblem,suchastheproblemoffrozen.
Duetothesystemsarecreatedbyusingtheknowledgeofexpertandby
analyzingtheirdecision-makingcapabilities.Themanagercanusethissystemtoevaluatethedecision-making.
2.3TheDataProtectionAct1998
TheDataProtectionAct1998(DPA)isanActofParliamentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandwhichdefinesUKlawontheprocessingofdataonidentifiablelivingpeople.Anycompanymanageanddealwiththeinformationmustcomplywiththedataprotectionprinciples.Forexample,ifthecompanywanttoobtainedandprocessedtheinformation,theymustobservetheprinciplesoffairlyandlawfully.Anycompanymustacquirethepermissionwhentheywanttoobtaintheinformation.Otherprincipleisthattheinformationshouldnotbeheldforlongerthannecessary.Thisisduetotheinformationneedup-to-dateandifthetimeistoolongtheinformationmaybelostthevalueandaffecttherealvalue.Meanwhile,itmayincreasetheriskofloss.Thethirdoneisthatthefirmsshouldmakeappropriatewaytoprotecttheinformation.Therearesomesecuritymethodcanbehelpful.Suchassettingupthepasswordandlocktheinformation.Inadditiontothis,thecompanyshouldtrainingthestafftousetheinformationsysteminaappropriateway.
2.4Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988
TheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,alsoknownastheCDPA,isanActoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdomwhichreceivedRoyalAssenton15November1988.ThisActwillprotectthepatents,trademarks,designsandcopyright.Inthiscase,theIceQueenhasmanypatentsanddesigns,ifthecompanycanusetheAct,theywillobtainmoreinterest.Forexample,ifthecompanyuseanewtechnologyandthereisnopeopletoapplyforpatent,thecompanycanusethetechnology.Meanwhile,ifthecompanywanttousethepatentsordesigns,theyhastopaysomemoneytotheowner,ortheywillsufferthepunishedbygovernmentalinstitution.Inaword,managershouldcons
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