TOEFL试题32.docx
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TOEFL试题32.docx
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TOEFL试题32
iththeHalledoesMachines,spanning362feet,andtheEiffelTower1,000feethigh.However,theseachievementsweremockedbytheartisticeliteofParisasexpensiveanduglyfollies.Iron,despiteitsstructuraladvantages,hadlittleaestheticstatus.Theuseofanexposedironstructureinthemoretraditionalstylesofarchitecturewasslowertodevelop.
doesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Advancesinironprocessingintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies
(B)TheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutionontraditionalarchitecturalstyles
(C)Advantagesofstoneandtimberoversteelasabuildingmaterial
(D)Theevolutionoftheuseofironinarchitectureduringthe1800's
word"revolutionized"inline1isclosestinmeaningto
(A)quicklystarted
(B)graduallyopened
(C)dramaticallychanged
(D)carefullyexamined
tothepassage,ironwasNOTusedforbeams,columns,andgirderspriortotheearlyeighteenthcenturybecause
(A)allavailableironwasneededforotherpurposes
(B)limitedminingcapabilitymadeirontooexpensive
(C)ironwasconsideredtoovaluableforuseinpublicbuildings
(D)theuseofcharcoalforrefiningareproducedpoorqualityiron
14.Ironreplacedstoneandtimberinthebuildingofbridgesbecauseironwasconsidered
(A)morebeautiful
(B)newandmodern
(C)muchstronger
(D)easiertotransport
15.Theword"it"inline11refersto
(A)industrialarchitecture
(B)internalironskeleton
(C)stone
(D)strength
16.Theword"appeal"inline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)adjustment
(B)assignment
(C)attraction
(D)attempt
17.Theword"spawned"inline17isclosestinmeaningto
(A)Created
(B)maintained
(C)rejected
(D)exposed
18.Theword"surpassed"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)imitated
(B)exceededC)approached
(D)included
19.Accordingtoparagraph3,thearchitecturalsignificanceoftheHalledesMachineswasits
(A)widespan
(B)greatheight
(C)unequaledbeauty
(D)prefabricatedunitsofglass
20.HowdidtheartisticelitementionedinthepassagereacttothebuildingsattheParisExhibition?
(A)Theytriedtocopythem.
(B)Theyridiculedthem.
(C)Theypraisedthem.
(D)Theyrefusedtopaytoseethem.
21.Itcanbeinferredthatthedelayeduseofexposedironstructuresintraditionalstylesofarchitectureisbestexplainedbythe
(A)impracticalityofusingironforsmall,noncommercialbuildings
(B)associationofironarchitecturewiththeproblemsoftheIndustrialRevolution
(C)generalbeliefthatironofferedlessresistancetofireandharshweatherthantraditionalmaterials
(D)generalperceptionthatironstructureswerenotaestheticallypleasing
22.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses
(A)thegradualinclusionofexposedironintraditionalstylesofarchitecture
(B)furtherimprovementsinironprocessingmethods
(C)thereturntotraditionalbuildingmaterialsforuseincommercialstructures
(D)thedecreaseduseofstoneandtimberasabuildingmaterial
Questions23——32
Themosteasilyrecognizablemeteoritesaretheironvariety,althoughtheyonlyrepresentabout5percentofallmeteoritefalls.Theyarecomposedofironandnickelalongwithsulfur,carbon,andtracesofotherelements.TheircompositionisthoughttohesimilartothatofEarth'sironcore3andindeedtheymighthaveoncemadeupthecoreofalargeplanetoidthatdisintegratedlongago.Duetotheirdensestructure,ironmeteoriteshavethebestchanceofsurvivinganimpact,andmostarefoundbyfarmersplowingtheirfields.
OneofthebesthuntinggroundsformeteoritesisontheglaciersofAntarctica1wherethedarkstonesstandoutinstarkcontrasttothewhitesnowandice.When
meteoritesfallonthecontinent)theyareembeddedinthemovingicesheets.Atplaceswheretheglaciersmoveupwardagainstmountainranges,meteoritesareleftexposedonthesurface.SomeofthemeteoritesthathavelandedinAntarcticaarebelievedtohaveconicfromtheMoonandevenasfarawayasMars,whenlargeimpactsblastedoutchunksofmaterialandhurledthemtowardEarth.
Perhapstheworld'slargestsourceofmeteoritesistheNullarborPlain,anareaoflimestonethatstretchesfor400milesalongthesoutherncoastofWesternandSouthAustralia.Thepale,smoothdesertplainprovidesaperfectbackdropforspottingmeteorites,whichareusuallydarkbrownofblack.Sinceverylittleerosiontakesplace,themeteoritesarewellpreservedandarefoundjustwheretheylanded.Over1,000.fragmentsfrom150meteoritesthatfellduringthelast20,000yearshavebeenrecovered.Onelargeironmeteorite,calledtheMundrabillameteorite,weighedmorethan11tons.
Stonymeteorites,calledchordates,arethemostcommontypeandmakeupmorethan90percentofallfalls.ButbecausetheyaresimilartoEarthmaterialsandthereforeerodeeasily,theyareoftendifficulttofind.AmongthemostancientbodiesinthesolarsystemarethecarbonaceouschondritesthatalsocontaincarboncompoundsthatmighthavebeentheprecursorsoflifeonEarth.
23.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
(A)FindingmeteoritesonEarth'ssurface
(B)HowthecompositionofmeteoritesissimilartothatofEarth
(C)WhymostmeteoritesdonotsurviveimpactwithEarth
(D)Theoriginsofmeteorites
24.Theword"core"inline4isclosestinmeaningto
(A)center
(B)surface
(C)mineral
(D)field
authormentions"darkstones"and"whitesnow"inline9toillustratethat.
(A)meteoritesarefoundmostofteninAntarctica
(B)glaciersstopmeteoritesfrommixingwithsoil
(C)meteoritesareeasiertofindinglacialareas
(D)mostofAntarcticaiscoveredwithmeteorites
26.Theword"embedded"inline10isclosestinmeaningto
(A)isolated
(B)encased
(C)enhanced
(D)enlarged
word"spotting"inline17isclosestinmeaningto
(A)removing
(B)identifying
(C)cooling
(D)falling
passagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingismostcommonlyresponsibleforthepoorpreservationofmeteoritesthatfalltoEarth?
(A)Thesizeofthefragments
(B)Icesheets
(C)Erosion
(D)Desertheat
wastheMundrabillameteoritediscovered?
(A)OntheNullarborPlain
(B)Inafield
(C)Onamountain
(D)InAntarctica
word"they"inline25refersto
(A)stonymeteorites
(B)falls
(C)Earthmaterials
(D)ancientbodies
doestheauthormentioncarbonaceouschondrites(line26)?
(A)TheyarethelargestmeteoritesfoundonEarth
(B)Theyaremostlikelytobefoundwhole.
(C)Theycomefromoutsidethesolarsystem.
(D)TheymayberelatedtotheoriginsoflifeonEarth.
tothepassage,stonymeteoritesare
(A)composedoffragmentedmaterials
(B)lesslikelytobediscoveredthanironmeteorites
(C)mostlylostinspace
(D)foundonlyontheNullarborPlain
Questions33-41
Apioneeringsetofexperimentshasbeenimportantintherevolutioninourunderstandingofanimalbehavior-arevolutionthaterodedthebehavioristdogmathatonlyhumanshaveminds.Theseexperimentsweredesignedtodetectconsciousness-thatis,signsofself-awarenessorself-recognition-inanimalsotherthanhumans.
Thescientificinvestigationofanexperienceasprivateasconsciousnessisfrustratinglybeyondtheusualtoolsoftheexperimentalpsychologist.Thismaybeonereasonthatmanyresearchershaveshiedawayfromthenotionofmindandconsciousnessinnonhumananimals.Inthelate1960's,however,psychologistGordonGallupdevisedatestofthesenseofself:
themirrortest.ifananimalwereabletorecognizeitsreflectioninamirroras"self,"thenitcouldbesaidtopossessanawarenessofself,orconsciousness.Itisknownthatacatoradogreactstoitsownimageinmirror,butoftenittreatsitasthatofanotherindividualwhosebehaviorverysoonbecomespuzzlingandboring.
Theexperimentcalledforfanuliarizingtheanimalwiththemirrorandthenmarkingtheanimal'sforeheadwitharedspot.Iftheanimalsawthereflectionasjustanotherindividual,itmightwonderaboutthecuriousredspotandmighteventouchthemirror.Butiftheanimalrealizedthatthereflectionwasofitself,itwouldprobablytouchthespotonitsownbody.ThefirsttimeGalluptriedtheexperimentwithachimpanzee,theanimalactedasifitknewthatthereflectionwasitsown,ittouchedtheredspotonitsforehead.Gallup'reportoftheexperiment,publishedina.1970article,wasamilestoneinourunderstandingofanimalmindsandpsychologistswonderedhowwidespreadself-recognitionwouldprovetobe.
28.Theword"dogma"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)evaluation
(B)proof
(C)intention
(D)belief
34.Theword"detect"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)imitatethebehaviorof
(B)provideareasonfor
(C)discoverthepresenceof
(D)reportaneedfor
ofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthebehavioristpositionwithregardtoconsciousnessinnonhumananimals?
(A)Mostnonhumananimalsshowsignsofself-consciousness.
(B)Mostmonhumananimalscanbetaughtself-consciousness.
(C)Chimpanzeesaretheonlynonhumananimalsthathaveahumanlevelofself-consciousness.
(D)Nonhumananimalsdonotpossessself-consciousness
authorsuggeststhatresearchersbefore1960probablyavoidedstudyingnonhumananimalconsciousnessbecausethey
(A)didnotwishtoexperimentwithliveanimalsubjects
(B)werediscouragedbyearlierunsuccessfulexperimentsthatstudiedhumanconsciousness
(C)hadnotyetdevisedadequateresearchmethodsforanimalconsciousnessexperiments
(D)lackedthenecessarylaboratoryequipment
phrase"shiedawayfrom"inline8isclosestinmeaningto
(A)approached
(B)avoided
(C)respected
(D)allowed
doestheauthormeanwhenstatinginline14that"Theexpe
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- TOEFL 试题 32