国际贸易合同 2.docx
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国际贸易合同 2.docx
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国际贸易合同2
BusinessEnglish
Lecture1ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods
ØDefinitionofcontract
ØContractforInternationalSaleofGoods
ØFormofcontractforInternationalSaleofGoods
ØLawapplicabletocontractfortheInternationalSaleofgoods
ØContract:
合同
ØContractforInternationalSaleofGoods:
国际货物买卖合同
ØFormofContract:
合同形式;
ØPromise:
允诺
ØMeetingofminds/Mutualassents:
合意/意思表示一致;
ØAgreement:
协议
ØPlaceofbusiness:
营业地
ØCISG:
《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》
Definitionofcontract
ØContractis“apromiseorasetofpromises”forthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy.
ØContractisa“meetingofmindsormutualassent”withwhichonepersonormoreisobligedtogiveathing,todoornottodoathingtoonepersonormorepersons.
Øcontractisalegallybindingagreement,oranagreementcreatinganobligation.Thesubstanceofthedefinitionofacontractisthatbymutualagreementorassent,thepartiescreateenforceabledutiesorobligations.
ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods
Øanagreementbetweentwopartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries,underwhich“oneparty(theseller)isboundtodeliverthegoodsandtransferthepropertyinthegoodssoldandtheotherparty(thebuyer)isobligedtopaythepriceandacceptthegoods.
Ø1.International:
placeofbusinessprinciple
Ø2.Sale:
deliveringthegoodsandtransferringthepropertyinthegoods;payingpriceandacceptingthegoods
Ø3.Goods:
movablepropertyorpersonalproperty
ØSeller,inStateA,enteredintonegotiationswithbuyerinStateBforacomplexandimportantcontractforthemanufactureofmachinery.Tocompletethenegotiations,sellersentseniorofficialsandasupportingstufftothecityinStateBwherebuyerhaditsheadquarters.Seller’srepresentativesrentedasuiteofroomsforamonth;mostofthenegotiationsandthefinalexecutionofthecontracttookplaceinthatsuite.
ØQuestion:
Aretheplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries?
ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods
ØAnalysis:
TheplaceofbusinessinCISGshouldbeconstruedtomeanapermanentandregularplaceforthetransactingofgeneralbusiness,andwouldnotincludeatemporaryplaceofsojourn(逗留、旅居)duringadhoc(特别、专门)negotiations.Sotheplacesofbusinesstothepartiesareindifferentcountries.
FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods
ØItmeanswhetheracontractismadeinwritingororally
ØNoformrequiredinCISG
Ø(CISGart.11)Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.
FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods
ØSabateFrancesoldwinecorkstoChateau,awineryinCanada.ThesaletookplacethroughSabate’sCaliforniasubsidiary,SabateUSA.Intalks,Sabateclaimedthatthecorkswouldnotdistortthetasteofwine.Thepartiesagreedbytelephoneonthequantity,price,paymentandshippingterms.Noothertermswerediscussed,andthepartieshadneverdonebusinessbefore.Afterasecondorder,totalingelevenshipments,atotalof1.2millioncorkshadbeensold.Aninvoiceaccompaniedeachshipmentstatingthat“AnydisputearisingunderthepresentcontractisunderthesolejurisdictionoftheCityofPerpignan.”Chateautookdelivery,remittedpayment,andafterbottlingthewine,discoveredthatthecorkhadtaintedthewine’sflavor.WhenChateausuedforbreachofwarranty,SabatearguedthattheforumselectionclauserequiredthatthecasebeheardinFrance.Chateaucountered,claimingthatavalidandenforceableverbalcontracthadalreadyexisted,andthatthesubsequentforumselectionclausewasnotapartofit.
FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods
ØAnalysis:
TheverbalcontractforthepurchaseofcorkswasvalidandbindingunderCISG,becausethecontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Theattemptbythesellertolaterincludeanewandmaterialterm(theforumselectionclause)intheinvoiceswasnoteffective.Thebuyerdidnotassenttothenewtermsimplybyreceivingandpayingforthegoods.
LawapplicabletocontractforInternationalsaleofgoods
ØConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG),whichwasmadebyU.N.CommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)in1970’s
ØIn1980,CISGwaspassedbydiplomaticconference.
ØUnlikemanyotherU.N.codesthatarenotbinding,theCISGisaconventionoragreementamongnationsthatisbindingoncethelegislatureofacountryadoptsit.
ØAround70countrieshavejoinedit,butuptonow,UKhasnotratifiedityet.
Lecture2:
Enteringintothecontract:
offer
ØOffer:
要约
ØWithdrawalofoffer:
要约的撤回
ØRevocationofoffer:
要约的撤销
ØLapse:
失效
ØExpressionofintent:
意思表示
ØInvitationoffer:
要约邀请
ØWhatisoffer
ØTherequirementofanoffer
ØWhenanofferbecomeseffective
ØThewithdrawalofanoffer
ØTherevocationofanoffer
ØLapseofanoffer
DearSirs
Subject:
100%CashmereSweaters
ThankyouverymuchforyourenquiryofApril1forour100%CashmereSweaters.
WearenowmakingyouafirmoffersubjecttoyourreplyreachingusbeforeApril30,2005:
Men’slargeUS$50.00perpiece
Ditto(同上)mediumUS$48.00perpiece
DittosmallUS$45.00perpiece
TheabovepricesarebasedonCIFVancouverbasisnet.
Payment:
ByconfirmedirrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight.
Shipment:
June/July,2005providedtheL/Creachestheselleronemonthbeforethetimeofshipment.
1.Whatisoffer
ØAnofferisanexpressionofanintenttoenterintoacontractwithanotherperson
ØE.g.Weofferyou2,000dozenMen’sShirtsatUS$54perdozen,net,CIFNewYork,shipmentAugust,termsofpaymentbyanirrevocableL/C.
2.Therequirementofanoffer
Ø1.itshouldbeaddressedtooneormorespecificpersons;
Ø2.Anoffermustbesufficientlydefinite
•Itshallincludemainconditionsofacontract.(CISGart14)
•
(1)indicatesthegoods;
•
(2)specifiesthequantityordeterminablequantity;
•(3)specifiesthepriceordeterminablepriceofthegoods
ØOnJune1,BuyertelexedSeller,“Canyoushipme1,000balesofNo.1cotton?
”Sellerreplied,“Acceptedyouroffer.Cottonat$110perbalewillbeshippedJuly1”.Buyerresponded,“Mytelexwasonlyaninquiry,Cannotagreetoyourterms”.Selleranswered,“Acceptedyourofferandwillholdyoutothecontract.”Arethepartiesboundtothecontract?
ØAnalysis:
Thepartiesarenotboundtothecontract.UnderCISGarticle14
(1),Buyer’s“proposal”maynotbeconstruedasan“offer”:
itwasnot“sufficientlydefinite”becauseitdidn’t“expresslyorimplicitly”fixormake“provisionfordetermine…theprice”
Ø(3)Toindicatetheintentiontobebound
•itshallbebindingontheofferorassoonasitisacceptedbyofferee.
DearSirs
Subject:
100%CashmereSweaters
ThankyouverymuchforyourenquiryofApril1forour100%CashmereSweaters.
WearenowmakingyouafirmoffersubjecttoyourreplyreachingusbeforeApril30,2005:
Men’slargeUS$50.00perpiece
Ditto(同上)mediumUS$48.00perpiece
dittosmallUS$45.00perpiece
TheabovepricesarebasedonCIFVancouverbasisnet.
Payment:
ByconfirmedirrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight.
Shipment:
June/July,2005providedtheL/Creachestheselleronemonthbeforethetimeofshipment.
•Pleasequoteus(yourlowestprice)for2000dozenmen’s100%CashmereSweaters.
•Invitationoffer
ØInvitationoffer(alsocalled“invitation”or“invitationtotreat”)
ØItmeansthatonepartyismerelyinvitingoffers,whichheisthenfreetoacceptorreject.
ØGenerally,theauctions,advertisementsetc.areinvitation.
3whenanofferbecomeseffective
ØCISG(art.15para.1):
Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.
•theofferreachestheoffereeonceitisdeliveredtoeithertotheoffereepersonallyortoitsplaceofbusinessor(electronic)mailingaddress.(undertheofferee’scontrol)
※Thereisnoneedtocomeintothehandsoftheoffereeoractuallybereadbytheofferee.
4.Thewithdrawalofanoffer
•2.Theofferorisfreetochangehismindafterdispatchofofferbutpriortothetimetheofferreachestheofferee.
ØCISG(art.15para.2):
Anoffer,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.
※Oncetheofferiswithdrawn,ithasneverbecomeeffective.
ØOnJune1sellermailedtobuyeraletterofferingtosellbuyerspecifiedgoodsatstatedprice.Theofferalsostated:
“thisofferisbindingandirrevocableuntilJuly1.”Aletterfromsellertobuyertakesaweekfordelivery.OnJune6,beforebuyerreceivedseller’sJune1letter,sellerphonedbuyerandsaid,“disregardtheletterthatImailedtoyouonJune1,Ihavedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedintheletter.”Onreceiptofseller’sletterbuyerreplied“IacceptyourJune1offer.”
ØQuestion:
whethertheabovepartiesareboundbythecontract?
ØAnalysis:
Theabovepartiesarenotboundbythecontract,because,onJune6,theofferhadnotyetreachedtheofferee,andthereforewasnotyet“effective”.ThestatementthattheoffercouldnotberevokeduntilJuly1wouldhavebecomebinding,whenitreachedtheofferee.Buttheofferneverbecame“effective”becauseofthewithdrawalthatreachedtheoffereeinadvanceoftheoffer.
5.Therevocationofanoffer
Ø6.1Offersasarulerevocable:
ØCISGart.14
untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachesoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance
ØIndicationofirrevocabilitycontainedintheoffer.
Øifiti
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