考研英语二真题及解析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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考研英语二真题及解析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta
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tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech
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ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled
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one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential
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toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto
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afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould
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whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense
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bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto
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justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa
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community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith
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trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure
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whichthetransactionruns”.
Still,theadministration’splanhas
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privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;
othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould
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beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith
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bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet
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.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe
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toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared
8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve
9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize
10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered
11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login
12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing
14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience
15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across
16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united
17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skepticismB.relevanceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm
19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'
sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrown
University.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'
scompensationcommittee;
howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'
sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'
sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclassactionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey
“tradeup,”
leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor________.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe________.
[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'
ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto________.
[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors________.
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostressfreeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor'
sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis________.
[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]critical
Text2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.TherecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheInternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'
sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&
Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying
“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”
(Lines23,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers________.
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause________.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey________.
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29.Whatcan
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