高一英语模块三课文.docx
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高一英语模块三课文.docx
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高一英语模块三课文
Fog
Fogwarning
WhenPollylefthomethatmorning,thecitywasalreadycoveredinagreymist.Atlunch,theradioforecastthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Atfouro'clock,Pollyleft workandsteppedoutintothefog.Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.
NobusestoKingStreet
Onceoutinthestreet,shewalkedquicklytowardsherusualbusstop.
‘Howfarareyougoing’thebusconductoraskedherbeforehetookherfare.
‘KingStreet.’saidPolly.
‘Sorry,Miss’repliedtheman,‘thetruthisthatitistoofoggyforthebustorunthatfar.TaketheUndergroundtoGreenPark.Theweathermightbebetterthereandyoumightbeabletogetataxi.’
Atallman
AsPollyobservedthepassengersonthetrain,shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkovercoat.AtlastthetrainarrivedatGreenParkstation.Whiletherestofthepassengersweregettingout,sheglancedatthefacesaroundher.Thetallmanwasnowheretobesoon.
Footsteps
WhenPollygottothestationentrance,itwasempty.Outside,wherevershelookedthefoglaylikeathick,greycloud.Therewasnooneinsight.PollysetofftowardsParkStreet.Assheheardaman’svoiceinherearsaying‘Sorry.’Themanmovedaway.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingwithfear.
Thehelpfulstranger
Thensheheardthesoundagain-softfootstepsbehindher.Aminutebefore,shehadwishedforsomeonetocomealong.Nowshewantedtorun,butfearheldherstill.Thefootstepsseemedclosenow.Thenaman’svoicecameoutofthedarkness.‘Isanybodythere’
Pollyhesitated.Atlastsheanswered,‘Hello,IthinkI’mlost.’
Afewsecondslater,ahandreachedoutandgraspedherarm.Pollyfoundherselfstaringupatthefaceofanoldmanwithabeard.‘MaybeIcanhelpyou.Whichroaddoyouwant’heasked.
‘Iliveat86KingStreet.’Pollyreplied.‘Justtakemyhand.’saidtheman.‘Comewithme.You’llbeallright.’HetookPolly’shand.‘Watchoutforthestephere.’
Inhisotherhandthemancarriedastick.Pollyheardithitthestep.‘Icanremembersometerriblefogs,butmaybethatwasbeforeyourtime.Ican’tseeyourface,butyousoundyoung.Howoldareyou’‘Justtwenty.’answeredPolly.
‘Ah,twenty!
Aniceagetobe.Iwasyoungonce.Nowwe’reatthecrossroads.Turnlefthere.’
‘I’mquitelostnow.Areyousureyouknowtheway’Pollywasbeginningtofeelfrightenedagain.’‘Ofcourse.Youreallyshouldn’tfeelanxious,’Heheldherhandmorefirmly.
Thegratefulhelper
‘Hereweare.KingStreet.’Hestopped.
‘Thankyousomuchforcomingtomyaid.’saidPollyinrelief.‘Wouldyouliketocomeinandrestforawhile’
‘It’sveryniceofyou.’saidtheman,‘butI’llbeoff.Theremaybemorepeoplelosttoday,andI’dliketohelpthem.Yousee,afogthisbadisrare.Itgivesmethechancetopaybackthehelpthatpeoplegivemewhenit’ssunny.Ablindpersonlikemecan’tgetacrosstheroadwithouthelp,exceptinafoglikethis.’
Allthroughhistory,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythesepeoplebroughttoBritain.ThatiswhyEnglishhassomanydifficultrulesthatconfusepeople.
OldEnglish
OldEnglishisverydifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaknowadays.Infact,wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.ThentwoGermanicgroupsfromtheEuropeanmainland—theAnglesandtheSaxons—occupiedBritain.OldEnglishconsistedofamixtureoftheirlanguages.(BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedaftertheAngles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinOldEnglish.)AsidefromplacenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofOldEnglish.Attheendofthe9thcentury,theVikings,peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway,begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficiallanguageofEngland.
WhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrasestouse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages,butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample,thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons,whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians.
MiddleEnglish
MiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies.ManythingsplayedapartinthedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.ThemostimportantcontributionwasfromtheNormans,aFrench-speakingpeoplewhodefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountryin1066.However,theNormanConquestdidnotaffectEnglishasmushastheAnglesandtheSaxons’victoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledtoOldEnglishreplacingCeltic.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchfortheentire250yearstheyruledEngland,FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedinevenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchasanswer(fromOldEnglish)andreply(fromOldFrench).Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsformostanimalsraisedforfood,suchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans,camefromOldFrench:
beef,mutton,porkandbacon.OldFrenchmadeothercontributionstoMiddleEnglishaswell.InOldEnglish,theGermanicwayofmakingwordspluralwasused.Forexample,theysaidhouseninsteadofhouses,andshoeninsteadofshoes.AftertheNormanstookcontrol,theybeganusingtheFrenchwayofmakingplurals,addingan-stohouseandshoe.OnlyafewwordskepttheirGermanicpluralforms,suchasman/menandchild/children.
AftertheNormanConquest,high-classpeoplespokeFrenchwhilecommonpeoplespokeEnglish.However,bythelatterhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishhadcomeintowidespreaduseamongallclassesinEngland.In1399,HenryⅣbecameKingofEngland.HismothertonguewasEnglish,andheusedEnglishforallofficialevents.
ModernEnglish
ModernEnglishappearedduringtheRenaissanceinthe16thcentury.BecauseofthisModernEnglishincludesmanyLatinandGreekwords.Pronunciationalsowentthroughhugechangesduringthisperiod.Ofcourse,thiswasnottheendofthechangesintheEnglishlanguage.ThequestionofwhetherEnglishwillkeeponchanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.Itiscertainthatthisprocesswillcontinue,andpeoplewillkeepinventingnewwordsandnewwaysofsayingthings.
Lostcivilizations
Day1,15July
Ifeelluckytohavewonaplaceonthistrip.WeareinItalynow,andtomorrowwearevisitingPompeii.NextweekweareflyingtoChina,andgoingtoLoulan,whichisknownasChina’sPompeiiinthedesert.BothPompeiiandLoulanbecamelostcivilizationslongago.
Day2,16July
ThismorningweattendedalectureaboutPompeii.Thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.In89BC,theRomanstookoverPompeii.Itthenbecamearichandbusycity.Nearthecitywasavolcano.On24thAugustAD79,thevolcanoeruptedandlava,ashandrockspouredoutofitontothesurroundingcountryside.Itcontinuedtoeruptforthenexttwodays.Manypeoplewereburiedalive,andsowasthecity.Howunfortunate!
Day3,17July
TodayIsawtheancientRomancityofPompeiiasitwas2,000yearsago.Howamazing!
Thecitywasforgottenformanyyearsuntilthe18thcenturywhenafarmerdiscoveredastonewithwritingonit.Peoplestartedtodigintheareafortreasure,whichcausedmuchdamage.Thus,in1860,theareawasputundergovernmentprotectionsoitcouldbepreservedandstudied.
WhenIwalkedaroundthecity,Isawstreetsjustastheyhadbeen,withsteppingstonesalongtheroadsoyoudidnothavetostepinthemudonrainydays!
Isawseveralhouseswhichweredecoratedwithwallpaintings.Ialsosawthepeoplewhohadbeenburiedalive.Itturnsoutthataftertheashcoveredthepeoplewhofailedtofeelthecity,theirbodiesnearlycompletelybrokedownanddisappeared,leavingemptyspacestoproducetrue-to-lifefiguresofthepeoplewhohaddiedinthedisaster.YoucanseethemtodayinPompeii,inthesameplacewherethepeoplefeel.Thevolcanoisstillthere,butlooksveryquietnow.It’shardtoimaginehowthispeacefulvolcanodestroyedthewholecity!
Day10,24July
Finally,wearrivedinLoulanafterseveraldaysoftravelling.Thiscommercialcitywasbusyandwealthyabout2,000yearsago.ItwasastoppingpointonthefamousSilkRoadbetweentheEastandthewest.ItisbelievedtohavebeengraduallycoveredoverbysandstormsfromAD200toAD400.Iamsoexcitedtobehere!
Day11,25July
Anscholarfromthelocalculturalinstitute,ProfessorZhang,toldusthataroundtheyear1900theEuropeanexplorerSvenHedindiscoveredtheruinsoftheLoulanKingdom.Sevenfoundtheremainsofbuildingsburiedbeneaththesand,togetherwithalotoftreasures,includingcoins,paintedpots,materialssuchassilk,documentsandwallpaintings.Whenwewenttothecity,wesawthecitywalls,palaces,temples,workshopsandtowers.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.Therewasanancientwatersystemthatranthroughthemiddleofthecity.Thedesertwasonceagreenlandwithhugetrees,buttheywerecutdownandthatresultedinthecityfrombeingburiedbysand—whatapity!
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