英语语言学名词解释.docx
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英语语言学名词解释.docx
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英语语言学名词解释
AcronymsAcronymsisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.
AffixationAwordformationapproachthatattachesmorpheme–anaffixtoabase,whichisawordwith1ormoreaffixesinit.
Anaphoricreference前照应Ademonstrativedeterminerwithanaphoricreferenceismorelikelytogowithanon-restrictiverelativeclause
Cataphoricreference后照应Ademonstrativedeterminerwithcataphoricreference,whichgoeswitharestrictiverelativeclause
CollectivenounsThesearegenerallycountablenouns,buteveninthesingulartheyrefertogroupsofpeople,animalsorthings.
CompoundAcompound,theproductofcomposition,anditisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.
ConversionThederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.
Coordination并列词Realizedbycoordinators(alsotermedcoordinatingconjunctions)whichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.
CountablenounsNounsthatcantakeplural.
Danglingparticiple:
{2{Z0NA_x001D_Whenthesubjectofparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallytobethesubjectoftheclause.Itisusuallypoorgrammar,andsometimesabsurd,ifthisruleisbroken:
Tryingtobequiet,thefloorboardcreaked.Buttheruleisoftenbrokenwhenthesubjectisvaguelyunderstoodtobe“one”,“we”,“you”,peopleingeneral.
DeterminerWordsusedinthepremodificationofnounphraseandputbeforeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadwordofnoun.
DynamicadjectivesManyadjectivescanalsobeusedinthedynamicsense(bebeinga.)inpredicativepositiontoshowsubjectivemeasurementorsuggestatemporarystate,implyingthequalitiescanbecontrolledorrestricted.(e.g.heisbeingrude)
end-focus尾部焦点underneutralconditions,thenucleusfallsonthelastelementofthesequenceasitiscommonthatweprocesstheinformationinamessagetoachievealinearpresentationformlowtohighinformationvalue.Werefertothisastheprincipleofend-focus.
ellipsis:
省略leavesouttheredundant/wordypartanddonotprovideasubstitute.
ExclamationExpressourimpression,especiallyoursurprise,excitement,amazement,etc.Itdoesn‘ttakeS-Vinversion.
exophoricreference语言外照应Nonlinguisticorsituationalcontext.
FiniteverbphraseItsheadwordisafiniteverb,whichisrestrictedbytenseandkeepsconcordwiththesubject.
ForeignpluralsWordsthatareborrowedfromotherlanguagesoftenhaveforeignplurals.
Fronting:
华夏大地教育网4YTcS_m6_Frontingisatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpositiontothemarkedpresubjectposition.
InfinitiveTheinfinitiveoccursasaverbinthebaseformwhichmaygowithorwithoutto.
InherentadjectivesInherentadjectivesdenoteinherentqualitiescharacterizethereferentofthenoun.(e.gabighouse)
MassnounsNounsthatcan‘ttakeplural.a
Non-finiteVerbPhraseItsfirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreefromtherestrictoftenseandconcordofsubject.
Non-inherentadjectivesNon-inherentadjectivesidentifyqualitiesinanindirectway.(e.g.abigeater)
Non-predictive(non-epistemic)Non-predictivemeaningsofmodalauxiliariesareveryheterogeneousinnature,thiscategorycoversavarietyofmeanings,except“prediction”。
Non-restrictiveadjectives非限定性形容词Non-restrictiveadjectivesprovideadditionalinformationnotessentialfortheidentificationofthenoun.Adjectivemodifyingpropernounarenormallynon-restrictive.(e.g.myfatwife)
Predictivemeaning(epistemic)Thepredictivemeaning,ratherhomogeneousinnature,isconcernedwiththespeaker‘sassumptionorassessmentofprobabilityandindicatesthespeaker’sconfidenceinthetruthofhisstatement.
ProperNounsPropernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc,normallybeginswithacapitalletter,hasnopluralformandcan‘toccurafteranarticle.
Pseudo-passiveApseudo-passivesentenceispassiveinformbutactiveinmeaning.Itsed-participleisadjectivalized;itcanoccurinacomparativeconstruction,withavarietyofprepositionalphrasesotherthanby-phrase,andwithotherlinkverbsbesidesbeandget.
PutativeShouldPutativeshouldisnotverymeaningfulinitsownright;inmanycases,itsfunctionistofillinastructuralslot.Thisuseofshouldiscommonlyfoundinthethat-clauseafteranadjectiveoranoundenotingafeelingoranopinion.e.g.It‘sstrangethatsheshouldwearhereveningdressforsuchaninformalparty.
UnitnounsUnitnounsareusedtospecifythequantitiesofthemodifiednoun.
reference照应usinggrammaticalpro-formwhichexplicitly/clearlyreferelsewhere
RestrictiveadjectivesRestrictiveadjectiveshelpidentifythenounbydescribingitsdistinctivequalities(e.g.afatwoman)
StativeadjectivesThemajorityofadjectivesarestativeinnature,describingpermanentinherentqualities.e.g.abighouse
SubjectcomplementSemantically,subjectcomplementsdenotewhatthesubjectisorwhatthesubjectbecomes–thetwonotionsthataremosttypicallyexpressedbybeandbecome.
Subordination主从连接词Realizedbysubordinators(alsotermedsubordinatingconjunctions),involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause(alsotermedthesuperordinateclause)。
substitute替代cutsoffpartofthesentence(aword,phrase,oraclause)andfillsinthegapwithasmalleritem,whichcorrespondstothereplaceitem.
TagquestionsAtagquestionnormallyconsistsofastatementandaquestiontag.
textReferstoaunifiedpassageanditisasemanticunit.Itisstructurallywell-integrated,andsemanticallycoherent.
VerbPhraseTheheadwordofaverbphraseisthemainverb.Twoelementsinthestructureareimportant:
themainverbandauxiliaries.
WH-questionsWH-questionsbeginwithWH-seriesofwords.(Whatif=whatshouldIdo,Howcome=why)
YES-NOquestionsYES-NOquestionscanbeansweredby“Yes”or“No”
1.Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions?
TheyarethetypeofYES-NOquestions,e.g.A:
Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?
B:
Tea,please.AndthetypeofWH-questions,e.g.A:
Whatwouldyoulike,teaofcoffee?
B:
Tea,please.
2.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext?
Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.
3.Explainthesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliarywithexamples.
Thesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliaryisclearinthefollowingtwosentences:
1)Hecan’thavebeenthereyesterday.2)Hecouldn’tbethereyesterday.Thetwosentencesrevealtwoquitedifferentusesofthemodalauxiliary.Thefirstsentence,wherethepredictivecan’trelatestoimpossibilityandthemainverbismarkedforpasttimereference,referstothespeaker’spresentdenialofpossibilityofapastevent.Inthesecond,themodalauxiliaryitself,innon-predictiveuse,ismarkedforpasttense,referringtolackofabilityinthepast.
4.What’sthefunctionofrelativepronoun?
Therelativepronounservesasa“link”betweentherelativeclauseanditsantecedent.Itperformstwofunctions:
showingconcordwithitsantecedentandindicatingitsfunctionwithintherelativeclause.
5..Provideexampletoillustratenominal,verbalandcausalellipsis.
1)Nominalellipsis:
Whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?
Ionlyaskedforone.
2)Verbalellipsis:
--Haveyouseenhimbefore?
--Yes,Ihave(seenhimbefore).
3)Causalellipsis:
--AreyouOK?
--Yes(,IamOK).
6.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?
Whentensepointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect“reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime”.
7.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaNoquestionperform?
Theymayberegardedasthespeaker’sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumptions.Theyarelikeimperatives.Forexample:
Won’tyoucomein?
Won’tyousitdown?
Theycanalsobelikeexclamations:
Isn’titlovely?
Aren’tyousilly?
8.Listthetypesofantecedents.
Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedentandnon-nominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:
theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns.Non-nominalantecedentcanbesubdividedintothreetypes:
clause,verbphrase,predicativeadjective.
9.Provideexamplestoillustrateresult-adjunctsandpurpose-adjuncts
thatareintroducedbysothat.Heworkedharder,sothathemanagedtopasstheexaminations.(result)Heworkedhardersothathecouldpasstheexaminations.(purpose)
10.Provideexamplestoillustratethethreedegreesofcomparison.
Mybrotherisastallasme.(positivedegree)Mybrotheristallerthanmyfather.(comparativedegree)Mybrotheristhetallestinthefamily.(superlativedegree)
11.Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,whatareitscharacteristicuses?
Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,itissuitableforthegeneraltimelessstatementsortheexpressionofso-called“ete
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