定语从句专讲专练.docx
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定语从句专讲专练.docx
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定语从句专讲专练
TheAttributiveClause
定义:
用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。
一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
这个名词或代词叫做先行词(antecedent)。
(以完整的句子出现,修饰一个名词或代词的句子,称为定语从句也叫形容词性从句)
e.g.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
语序:
定语从句只用陈述句的语序
e.g.Doyouknowtheboywhoselegwasbrokenwhenhefelloutoftree.
分类:
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
e.g.DoyouknowthemanwhocametoseeMrZhangthismorning?
ThisnotewasleftbyXiaoHuang,Whowashereamomentago.
Hehasasonwhoservesinthearmy.
Hehasason,whoservesinthearmy.
*分隔定语从句:
定语从句一般直接放在先行词之后,但有时也被一个较短的定语或谓语动词将它与先行词分隔开来,这是被称为分隔定语从句。
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.
限制性定语从句:
对先行词起修饰,限制与确定的作用,若去掉它,先行词便不能明确表示其所指对象,所以限制性定语从句和它的先行词所指意义有着不可分割的联系。
另外限制性定语从句不能用逗号与先行词分开。
非限制性定语:
对先行词或整个主句加以补充说明,即使省去,也不影响主句的意思。
它和先行词或主句间常用逗号分开,可独立翻译。
(Which和whom作宾语时也不能省略)
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(NMET94)
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it
谓语的数:
关系代词如在定语从句中作主语,其谓语在人称和数方面须与它所修饰的先行词保持一致。
e.g.Heisoneofthestudentswhocomelateoften.
Heistheone(theonlyone.Onlyone)ofthestudentswhooftencomeslate.
ShewantedtobuyanewTVset_______abiggerscreen.
A.thathasB.thatithasC.thathaveD.ithas
重复和遗漏:
关系代(副)词在从句中要充当一定的句子成分,因此既不能重复使用已被代之词,又不能误失先行词。
e.g.IsthisschoolsomeAmericansvisitedyesterday?
(须在some前加theone为先行词,that在句中作宾语省略)
Idon’tknowthemanyouweretalkingtohim.(him重复因whom作宾语被省略)
Thisistheroominwhichtheylivedinfiveyearsago.(第二个in重复)
Ifoundthepenwhichyouwerelookingforit(it重复)
谓语+宾语+……
系动词+表语+……
主语+谓语+……
结构:
主语+引导词 +
+谓语+……
主语+谓语+宾语+定语从句
主语+系动词+名词或代词作的表语+定从
e.g.Johnandhisdog___werehereamomentagodisappeared.A.thatB.whoC.which.D.whose.
Thereisnothingintheworld_____canfrightenhim.
A.thatB.whoC.whichD.where.
Icanstillrememberthesitting-room_____mymotherandIusedtsitintheevening.(MET86)
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where.
引导词及其作用:
(分关系代词和关系副词)
指代对象,词形,格,作用
人
物
人+物
地点
时间
原因
方式
主
who
that
Which
that
that
Which
that
Which
that
宾
whom
that
Which
that
that
Which
that
Which
that
所属
whose/
ofwhom.
Whose/
Ofwhich
状
Where/
介词+which
When/
介词
+which
Why/
forwhich
in/bywhich
关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose,as,在从句中做主语、宾语、定语、表语。
关系副词:
when,where,why等,在从句中做状语,表时间,地点,原因等。
注意:
1引导词的含义等于先行词的含义
2引导词必须在定从中作成分
3关系代词起名词作用,可作从句的主语,宾语,表语或定语。
关系副词起副词或介词短语的作用,可作从句的状语。
AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown___hegrewupasachild.(MET96)A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when
InfacttheSwededidn’tunderstandthethreequestions____wereaskedinFrench.(MET85)A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which
关系词的省略:
某些引导限制性定语从句的关系词,有时可省略,但as不能省略.
1如关系代词作宾语,且前面无介词时
Thehouse(that/which)weliveinisnotlarge.
=Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.
**介词的选用要根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配而定。
即把关系词所代表的先行词放在从句谓语动词后,看在动词与先行词之间用什么介词合适。
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.(MNT92)
A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom
=Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson(who/whom/that)shecouldturntoforhelp.
Isthisthedictionary____youpaidforfivedollars?
A.towhichB.forwhichC.onwhichD.that.
=Isthisthedictionary(that/which)youpaidforfivedollarsfor?
2在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可省略。
如thetime,everytime,eachtime,themoment,theinstant,theminute,,,,,
e.g.Bythetimehewasfourteenyearsoldhehadlearnedadvancedmathematicsallbyhimself.(when)
3.在某些表示地点的名词后的关系副词可省略。
如theplace
e.g.That’stheplacehestayedwhenhewasinParis.
4.先行词thereason后的关系副词可省略。
(Why=forwhich)
e.g.That’sthereasonIaskedyoutocome.
5.先行词theway后的关系副词可省略。
(that=inwhich)
e.g.Thatwasthewayshelookedafterus.
基本技巧:
运用“分立,加减,合并”三步骤,学习定语从句,使之化难为易,化繁为简,且准确性高。
“分立”即把定语从句和主句分开,使之成为独立的两个单句。
“加减”即把“分立”后的两句中处于从属地位的句子中和另一句中相同的词先减去,再在减去的地方加上一定的引导词来代之。
“合并”即把经过“加减”以后的两个“分立”句,按定语从句的“位置”合并起来,成为一个主从复合句。
如:
那个正在看报的人是我的老师
1.分立:
A.那人是我的老师Themanismyteacher.
B.那人正在看报Themanisreadinganewapaper.
2.加减:
A.Themanismyteacher.
B.Whoisreadinganewapaper.
先减去处于从属地位那句中的theman,因为它和另一句中的theman相同,在加上引导词who,因为who在从句中作主语。
3.合并:
按定语从句须位于先行词之后的规律,将其合并起来。
Themanwhoisreadinganewapaperismyteacher.
我们昨天参观了他父亲工作过的学校
1.A.Wevisitedtheschoolyesterday.
B.Hisfatherworkedintheschool
2.A.Yesterdaywevisitedtheschool
B.Hisfatherworkedinwhich.
3.=Yesterdaywevisitedtheschoolwhichhisfatherworkedin.
That
做关联词既可做主语又可做宾语,既可指人又可指物。
在现代英语里多用来指物
1Ishethemanthatsellseggs?
主语指人
2Waterthatisimpureoftencausesseriousillness.主语指物
3Haveyoueverything(that)youneed?
宾语可省
必须用that的几种情况
1Thepassengersandthesuitcasesthatwerestillwaitinghadtobetransferredtoanotherplane.*先行词指人又指物
2Whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathiminchess?
Whichwasthehotelthatwasrecommendedtoyou?
*以who,which开头的疑问句,用that
3That’sthesamemanthataskedforhelpthedaybeforeyesterday.*先行词前有thesame,thevery,theonly,little,each,all,few,much,every,no,some,any.修饰时用
4ThecompositionisthefirstthatIhavewritteninEnglish.
Hereisthesecondessaythathehaswritten.*先行词本身是序数词或受序数词修饰时。
5.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseenthisyear.*先行词有最高级修饰时
6.Allthatglitters闪光isnotgold.不定代词作先行词.e.g.all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,none,few,theone等
e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
Isthisschooltheonethatyougraduatedfrom?
7.Itwasliberationthatbroughtaboutacompletechangeinhislife.*强调结构用
8.主句是therebe句型时
Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
9.先行词本身是数词时。
Iboughtfivebookslastyear,nowyoucanseethefivethatarenew.
10.若主句是否定句。
定从修饰主句中的表语,且关系代词在从句中也作表语。
常用that.
e.g.Thatisnotthemanthathewastenyearsago.
Which
做关联词一般指物,可用做主语也可用做宾语(可省)
1Shewasnotonthetrainwhicharrivedjustnow.做主语
2Thedogwhichwaslosthasbeenfound.做主语
3Thisisthebook(which)youwanted.从句中做宾语可省
必须用which的几种情况
1Jackdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.
2Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.
*指前面的一个句子或其部分意义(即先行词可是一个词,词组或整个主句)
Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.(NMET91)
A.itB.whichC.thisD.that
3.Larrytoldherthestoryoftheyoungairman(=pilot)whichInarrated(=told)atthebeginningofthisbook.
*离先行词较远时常用which,如用that则有airman是先行词的嫌疑。
E.g.LarrytoldherthestoryoftheyoungairmanthatInarratedatthebeginningofthisbook.
3Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
*Those+复数名词后多用which
4Ihavethatwhichyougaveme.*避免重复(即:
先行词本身是that时)
5Beijing,whichwasChina’scapitalformorethan800years,isrichincultural.
*非限制定语从句一般用which不能用that.
6ThisisthestoryinwhichIaminterested.
*介词后须用which不用that指物=Thisisthestory(which/that)I’minterestedin.
HeneverforgetsthedayonwhichhejoinedtheParty.
PleasegivemesomepaperonwhichIcanwritesomesentences.
Doyouknowthemanthatheistalkingto?
Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehavetalked,
8.当主句的主语为that.this且定语从句修饰这个句子的表语时。
ThisisthepenwhichIboughtyesterday.但如前有theonly,thevery,thelast,thebiggest等修饰的除外
9.当先行词后面有插入语的时候
HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish
10.如果同时有两个定语从句,其中一个用了that,另一个就用which.
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
Who的用法:
关联词,主,只可指人
Adoctorisapersonwholooksafterpeople’shealth.*who在从句中指人做主语
Nobodywhounderstandsthesubjectwouldsaysuchathing.*who在从句中做主语
Theman(who/whom/that)IsawiscalledSmith.
*在非正式英语中主格who代替了宾格,亦可省略不用。
There’snoonewhoworksharderthanyou.
*who在从句中做主语
who与that的区别
1Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed
*代词如he,they,any,all,one,those等为先行词之后用who一般不用that
ThosewhowanttogototheEnglishpartymustbeattheschoolgateby7:
30p.m.
2Iwillpardonhim,whoishonest.
*非限制性定语从句用who
3Ithinkitisyouwho/thatshouldprovetome.
*在强调句型中指人用who
4.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?
*以who开头的疑问句
5.Thereisamanwhowantstoseeyou.
*在therebe结构中
Whom是who的宾格,只用于指人,在从句中一般做宾语,非正式文体中常可省略。
Ihavejustmetalady(whom/who/that)Isawlastweek.
*Whom在限制性定语从句中做宾语,可略去。
Whose表所属,指人也指物,于定从中作定语。
即应放置于名词前。
=ofwhich/ofwhom
e.g.Thedoctor,whosenamewasJohnson,livedinThorby,asmalltowninthenorthofEngland.(=thenameofwhomwas,,,,,,)
Pleasepassmethedictionarywhosecoverisblack.(=thecoverofwhichisblack.)
Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.(NMET90)
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which.
HereareplayersfromJapan,someof___areouroldfriends.
A.themB.whichC.whomD.who
=HereareplayersfromJapanandsomeofthemareouroldfriends.
关系代词as常用于such……as/thesame……as/as……as结构中
e.g.ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected(=wanted).*As在此作宾语
thesameas和thesamethat的异同
eg.ThisisthesametoolasIusedlasttime.
(这和我上次用的是同一种工具thesame……as意为“和……是同一类”)
ThisisthesametoolthatIusedlasttime.
(这和我上次用的是同一把工具thesame……that意为“和……是同一个”)
**引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的异同
as和which的相同点:
1.都引导非限制性定语从句
2.先行词都可指整个主句
3.都可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
as和which的不同点:
1.which引导非限制性定语从句,可代表从句中的某个具体的词,而as则不能这样用。
e.g.Pleaselookatthebuilding,infrontofwhichtherearesometrees.
2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首或句末,并用逗号和主句隔开而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在句末
e.g.Asanybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.(as是“这一点”“这件事”)
Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.
TheysaidtheywereFrench,whichwasn’ttrue.(which是“这”)
***as引导的非限制性定语从句,代表整个主句的意思,表示说
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