专业学位硕士研究生英语教程15.docx
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专业学位硕士研究生英语教程15.docx
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专业学位硕士研究生英语教程15
Unit15
Aesthetics
Preview
Beautyisavirtuewhichnoonecandeny.Butinthehistoryofhumanlife,people'sattitudestowardsithavechangedalot.TheancientGreeks,followingSocrates'pedagogy,keptabalancebetweenbeautyinsideandbeautyoutside.Christianity,deprivingbeautyofclassicalidealsofhumanexcellence,setbeautyadrift,andassociateditonlywithwomen.Inordertopropupthemythologyofthe"feminine",womenneedtogetsomecriticaldistancefromthatexcellenceandprivilegeofbeauty.
TextReading
'Warm-up
Whatisbeauty?
Beautyisavitalandcentralelementofhumanexperience.Itisassociatedwithpleasure,whichinfluencespersonalchoicesandculturaldevelopments.Poetspraiseit,artistsstrivetocaptureitintheirworks,moralistswarnagainstitsdeceivinginfluence,scientistsseektouncoveritssecrets,andphilosophersreflectonitsillusivenature.
Pleasediscussyourunderstandingofbeautywithyourpartner.Thefollowingwordsandexpressionsmaybeusefulforyourdiscussion.
perceptualexperience,generatingpleasure,feelingsofattractionandemotionalwell-being,visualfield,feminine,masculine,sexism,sexualselection,sexualfeelings,humanappearanceandnaturalscenery,morallygood,appropriate,pleasing,talent,goodreputationandbehavior,directexperience,unreliable,inseparable,ugliness,artisticbeauty,naturalbeauty,crossculture,culturalvaluesandtraditions,aesthetics
•Beautyvs.ugliness.
Howdowejudgewhatisbeautyandwhatisugliness?
Thefollowingaresomedefinitions.Discusswithyourpartnerandgiveyourowndefinition.
Beauty:
•acharacteristicofaperson,athingoranideathatprovidesaperceptualexperienceofpleasure,orsatisfaction.
•anentitywhichisadmired,orpossessesfeaturesinaparticularculture,forperfection.
•beinginbalanceandharmonywithnature,whichmayleadtofeelingsofattractionandemotionalwell-being.
Ugliness:
•apropertyofapersonorthingthatisunpleasanttolookuponandresultsinahighlyunfavorableevaluation.
•aestheticallyunattractive,repulsive,oroffensive.
•havingvisiblecharacteristic,andinternalattribute.
•Howhasbeautyacquiredtheovertoneofsexism?
BeautyhasbeenattributedtowomenandthereforehasacquiredtheovertoneofsexismbothinChinaandtheWest.However,suchatrendhasdevelopedindifferentroutes.TellthedifferentprocessesthroughwhichbeautyhasundergonesuchachangeinChinaandtheWest.
Text
Beauty
SusanSontag①
[1]FortheGreeks,beautywasavirtue(aparticulargoodqualityorhabit):
akindofexcellence(thequalityofbeingextremelygood).Personsthenwereassumed(believed)tobewhatwenowhavetocall—enviously(admirably)—wholepersons.IfitdidoccurtotheGreekstodistinguishbetweenaperson's"inside"and"outside",theystillexpectedthatinnerbeautywouldbematchedbybeautyoftheotherkind.Thewell-born(fromarichfamilyorafamilyofhighsocialclass出身名门,出身高贵的)youngAthenianswhogatheredaroundSocrates②founditquiteparadoxical(absurd,illogical,unexpected荒谬的)thattheirherowassointelligent,sobrave,sohonorable,soseductive(sexuallyattractive)—andsougly.OneofSocrates②mainpedagogical(教育学的,教学法的)actswastobeugly—andteachthoseinnocent,nodoubtsplendid-lookingdisciples(personswhobelieveinandfollowtheteachingsofareligiousorpoliticalleader)ofhishowfullofparadoxes(contrarieties矛盾,相反物)lifereallywas.
[2]TheymayhaveresistedSocrates'lesson.Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryof(cautiousof)theenchantments(thestateofbeingunderamagicspell)ofbeauty.Wenotonlysplitoff(toseparatesthfrom,alargerobjectorgroup)—withthegreatestfacility(anaturalabilitytolearnordostheasily)—the"inside"(character,intellect)fromthe"outside"(looks);butweareactuallysurprisedwhensomeonewhoisbeautifulisalsointelligent,talented(gifted),good.
[3]Itwasprincipally(chiefly)theinfluenceofChristianity(thereligionthatisbasedontheteachingsofJesusChristandthebeliefthathewasthesonofGod)thatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassical(traditionalinstyleoridea,connectedwithorinfluencedbythecultureofancientGreeceandRome)idealsofhumanexcellence.Bylimitingexcellence(virtuesinLatin)tomoralvirtueonly,Christianitysetbeautyadrift(adj.nolongerattachedorfixedintherightposition)—asanalienated(foreign),arbitrary(subjective,notseemingtobebasedonareason,systemorplanandsometimesseemingunfair),superficial(notconcernedwithanythingseriousorimportantandlackinganydepthofunderstandingorfeeling)enchantment(attractiveness,charm).Andbeautyhascontinuedtoloseprestige(therespectandadmiration).Forcloseto(=nearly)twocenturiesithasbecomeaconvention(rule,habitortradition)toattributebeautyto(tosayorbelievethatsbisresponsiblefordoingsth)onlyoneofthetwosexes:
thesex,which,howeverFair(beautiful),isalwaysSecond.Associatingbeautywithwomenhadputbeautyevenfurtheronthedefensive(protectingsb/sthagainstattack),morally(spiritually)③.
[4]Abeautifulwoman,wesayinEnglish.Butahandsomeman."Handsome"isthemasculineequivalent(athing,amount,word,etc.thatisequivalenttosthelse)of—andrefusalof—acompliment(praise)whichhasaccumulated(amass,buildup)certaindemeaning(humiliating)overtones(anattitudeoranemotionthatissuggestedandisnotexpressedinadirectway暗示),bybeingreservedforwomenonly.Thatonecallaman"beautiful"inFrenchandItaliansuggeststhatCatholic(=RomanCatholic)countries—unlikethosecountriesshapedbytheProtestant(amemberofapartoftheWesternChristianChurchthatseparatedfromtheRomanCatholicChurchinthe16thcentury新教徒的,清教徒的)version(aformofsththatisslightlydifferentfromanearlierformorfromotherformsofthesamething版本)ofChristianity—stillretain(keep)somevestiges(remains遗迹,痕迹)ofthepagan(apersonwhoholdsreligiousbeliefsthatarenotpartofanyoftheworld'smainreligions异教徒)admirationforbeauty.Butthedifference,ifoneexists,isofdegreeonly.IneverymoderncountrythatisChristianorpost-Christian,womenarethebeautifulsex—tobedetriment(theactofcausingharmordamage;sththatcausesharmordamage损害,损害物)ofthenationaswellasofwomen.
[5]Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen'scharacterandconcerns(desires).(Incontrasttomen—whoseessence(themostimportantqualityorfeatureofsth)istobestrong,oreffective,orcompetent.)Itdoesnottakesomeoneinthethroes(violentpains,especiallyatthemomentofdeath)ofadvancedfeministawareness④toperceivethatthewaywomenaretaughttobeinvolvedwithbeautyencouragesnarcissism(thehabitofadmiringyourselftoomuch,especiallyyourappearance自恋),reinforcesdependenceandimmaturity.Everybody(womenandmen)knowsthat.Foritis"everybody",awholesocietythathasidentified(considered)beingfeminine(havingthequalitiesorappearanceconsideredtobetypicalofwomen;connectedwithwomen)withcaringabouthowonelooks.(Incontrasttobeingmasculine—whichisidentifiedwithaboutwhatoneisanddoesandonlysecondarily,ifatall,abouthowonelooks.)Giventhesestereotypes(afixedideaorimagethatmanypeoplehaveofaparticulartypeofpersonorthing,butwhichisoftennottrueinreality),itisnowonderthatbeautyenjoys,atbest,arathermixed(repute->)reputation(credit,prestige信用,名声).
[6]Itisnot,ofcourse,thedesiretobebeautifulthatiswrongbuttheobligation(commitment,thestateofbeingforcedtodosthbecauseitisyourduty,orbecauseofalaw,etc责任)tobe—ortotry⑤.Whatisacceptedbymostwomenasaflattering(sayingnicethingsaboutsb/sth)(idealize:
toconsiderorrepresentsb/sthasbeingperfectorbetterthantheyreallyare;->)idealization()oftheirsexisawayofmakingwomenfeelinferiortowhattheyactuallyare—ornormallygrowtobe.Fortheidealofbeautyisadministeredasaformofself-oppression(自我施压).Womenaretaughttoseetheirbodiesinparts,andtoevaluateeachpartseparately.Breasts,feet,hips,waistline(腰围),neck,eyes,nose,complexion(肤色),hair,andsoon—eachinturnissubmittedto(subjectedto)ananxious,fretful(behavinginawaythatshowsyouareunhappyoruncomfortable烦燥的),oftendespairing(desperate绝望的,失望的)scrutiny(examination).Evenifsomepassmuster(summon,gather),somewillalwaysbefoundwanting.Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo⑥.
[7]Inmen,goodlooksisawhole,somethingtakeninataglance.Itdoesnotneedtobeconfirmedbygivingmeasurementsofdifferentregions(part)ofthebody;nobodyencouragesamantodissect(tocutupadeadperson,animalorplantinordertostudyit,ortostudysthcloselyand/ordiscussitingreatdetail解剖,分开来研究)hisappearance,feature(apartofsb'sfacesuchastheirnose,mouthandeyes面貌的一部分(眼,口,鼻等)特征,容貌,特色,特写)byfeature.Asforperfection,thatisconsideredtrivial(smallorunimportant)—almostunmanly(nothavingthequalitiesthatareadmiredorexpectedinaman).Indeed,intheideallygood-lookingmanasmallimperfectionorblemish(amarkontheskinoronanobjectthatspoilsitandmakesitlooklessbeautifulorperfect瑕疵)isconsideredpositivelydesirable.Accordingtoonemoviecritic(awoman)whoisadeclaredRobertRedfordfan,itishavingthatcluster(agroupofthingsofthesametypethatgroworappearclosetogether)ofskin-coloredmoles(胎块,鼹鼠)ononecheekthatsavesRedfordfrombeing
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