页面提取自-APIPubl2021A(FirePreventionforStorageTank).docx
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InterimStudy PreventionandSuppressionofFiresinLargeAbovegroundAtmosphericStorageTanks
APIPUBLICATION2021AFIRSTEDITION,JULY1998
AmericanPetroleumInstitute
StrategiesprTodays
EnvironmenkjlPartnership
HelpingYouGettheJobDoneRight!
SM
COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
StratumjorTodays
EnvinmmentalPartmrxhip
APIENVIRONMENTAL,HEALTHANDSAFETYMISSION
ANDGUIDINGPRiNCIPLES
ThemembersoftheAmericanPetroleumInsiilutearededicatedtocontinuouseffortsloiinprovethecompatibilityofouroperationswiththeenvironmentwhileeconomicallydevelopingenergyresourcesandsupplyinghighqualityproductsandservicestoconsum-ers.Werecognizeourresponsibililyloworkwilhlhepublic%ihegovernmenl,andolherslo
developandtousenatiira]t’esomeesinanenvironmentallysoundmannerwhileprotectingthehealthandsafetyofouremployeesandthepublic,Tomeettheseresponsibilities,API
memberspledgelomanage
our
businessesaccordinglothefollowingprinciplesusing
soundsciencetopriorilizcrisksandtoJiiiplcnicntcost-cffcctivcmanagementpractices:
Torecognizeandlorespondiocommunilyconcernsaboutourrawmaterials,prod-
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Tooperateourplantsandfacilities,andtohandleourrawmaterialsandproductshiamannerthatprotectstheenvironirient,andthesafetyandhealthofouremployeesandthepublic.
Tomakesafety,healthandenvironmentalconsiderationsapriorityinourplanning,
andourdevelopmentofnewproductsandprocesses,
Toadvisepromptly,appropriateofficials,employees,customersandthepublicof
^
ioformalienonsignificanlindusl-rdaledsafety,healihandenvironmentalhazards,
andtorcconiiiricndprotectivemeasures.
Tocounselcusiomers,transportersandothersinthesafeuse,transportationanddis-
posalofourrawmaterials,productsandwastematerials.
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resourcesbyusingenergyefficiently.
resources
andloconservethose
Toextendknowledgebyconductingorsupportingresearchonthesafety,healthand
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COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
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InterimStudy PreventionandSuppressionofFiresinLargeAbovegroundAtmosphericStorageTanks
HealthandEnvironmentalAffairsDepartment
SafetyandFireProtectionSubcommittee
APIPUBLICATION2021A
FIRSTEDITION,JULY1998
AmericanPetroleumInstitute
HelpingYouGetTheJobDoneRight!
SM
COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
SPECiALNOTES
APIpublicationsnecessarilyaddressproblemsofageneralnature.Withrespecttopartic-
ularcircumslances,local,stale,andfederallawsandregulalloilsshouldbereviewed.
APIisnotundertakingtomeetthedutiesofemployers,manufacturers,orsupplierstowarnandproperlytrainandequiptheiremployees,andothersexposed,concerninghealthandsafelyrisksmidprecaulions,noruodeilakingIhdrobligalionsunderlocal,stale,orfederallaws.
Informationconcerningsafetyandhealthrisksandproperprecautionswithrespecttopar-
Licularmaterialsandcondilionsshouldbeobtainedfromtheemployer;themanulectureror
siipplicrofthatmaterial,orthematerialsafetydatasheet.
NothingcontainedinanyAPIpublicationistobeconstruedasgrantinganyriglit,byimplicalionoroilierwise,forIhemanufacture,sale,oruseolanymelhod,apparatus,orprod-uctcoveredbyletterspatent.Neithershouldanythingcontainedinthepublicationbecon-
struedasinsuringanyoneagainstliabilityforinfringementofletterspatent,
AcatalogofAPIpublicalionsandmaterialsispublishedannuallyandupdatedquarterly
byAPI,1220LStreet, Washington,D.C.20005.Anon-lineinteractiveversionofthe
APIcatalogisaccessibleathttp:
//www.api+org.
Thisstudyispublishedtofacilitatethebroadavailabilityofproven,soundengineeringandoperatingpractices.Itisnotintendedtoobviatetheneedforapplyingsoundengineeringjudgmentregardingwhenaodwherethesestandardsshouldbeutilized.ThefomiulaiionantipublicalionofAPIstandardsisnotintendedinanywayloinhibitanyonefromusinganyotherpractices.
'
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedhyanymeans,electronic,mechanicaiphotocopying,recording,orotherwisewithoutpriorwrittenpennissionfromthepuhlishenContactthePublisher,
APIPublishingServices,1220LStreet,/VF. WashingtofhD.C.20005.
Copyriglit©199XAmeiicaiiPetroleumInstitute
COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
FOREWORD
Thisdocumenlisintendedloprovidethereaderwithanunderstandingoflhefirepreveo-lionandsuppressionissuesrelatedtothestorageolflammableandcombustibleliquidsinlargeabovegroundatmosphericstoragetanks.ThisdocinnentwaspreparedbyLossControlAssociales,Inc.,underIheguidanceofiheAPIFireProleclionProgramGroup.Tliesludy\sbasedonareviewofalimitedamountofdataonfiresintanksover100-footdiameterand/orstoragecapacitiesof80,000barrelsorgreaterDatawasprovidedbyimiustrysources,APImembercompanies,reportsoffiresavailableinprinledmedia,andlileralore.Thehislorica!
datausedforthisstudyarcnotinclusiveofthefirecxpericoccofallstoragetanks,sincesmallfiresarelikelynottobereportedandnotallAPImembersprovidedinformationontheirfireexperienceinlargelanks.Duetoiheselimilalions,statisticsinthisreportarebasedonlyonthedatareviewedandshouldnotbeinterpretedtoberepresentativeofallstoragetanksover100feetiodiameterHowever,thedatadorepresentfireexperienceandmaybeusefultodelermifiewhalLoconsiderwhenplanningfireprolectionmeasuresforastoragetankfacility.
APIpublicationsmaybeusedbyanyonedesiringtodoso.Everyefforthasbeenmadebv
theInsliluletoassureIheaccuracyandreliabilityofthedataconlainedinthem;howeventhe
Institutemakesnorepresentation,warranty,orguaranteeinconnectionwiththispublication
mdherebyexpresslydisclaims;anyliabilit》,orresponsibilityforlossordamageresulting
fromil^useorforllieviolationofany(cderal,stale,ormunicipalregulationwiihwhichLliis
publicationmayconflict.
SuggestedrevisionsareinvitedandshouldbesubmittedtothedirectoroftheHealthandEnvironmenialAffairsDeparlmeiitsAmericanPelroleumInslilule,1220LStreetN.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.
m
COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
CONTENTS
pa
IGENERAL
1/1ScopeandPurpose
1,2 ASyslematicApproachlaConlrolliiigFiresinLarge
AbovegroundStorageTanks
13 HowToUseThisPublication + 2
2REFERENCES 2
2J TankDesign,Construction,SafeWorkandOperatingPractices 2
3FIREPREVENTIONANDDESIGN• 3
3J General 3
3.2 LargeAbovegroundTanks 3
33 SpillContainmentandControl...... 3
3,4 PrecautionsAgainstBoilover 4
4 FIREDETECTIONANDFIRESUPPRESSION
41 Detection * *
4,2 FireSuppression
43 ManualFirefightingUsingPortableandMobileEquipment.■
4.4FixedWaterSpraySystemsandExposureProtectionSystems
4.5FireSyppressionConsideralions
4
4
4
5
+* ** 6
7
APPENDIXA INCIDENTSUBMITTALFORM 9
APPENDIXB ANALYSISOFPASTFIRES
APPENDIXC SUMMARYOFCASEHISTORIES
APPENDIXD CRUDEOILTANKBOILOVER,SLOPOVER,
ANDFROTHOVKR 33
APPENDIXE FOAMFRICTIONLOSSDATA 35
APPENDIXF PREVENTIVEDESIGNANDOPERATINGPRACTICE■ 39
Figures
1
2
Cone-RoofTank 3
2
Open-TopFIoating-KoofTank 4
B-lExtentolSingle-TankFires(NumbersofFires)
E-1StaticHeadConversion
Foa,mVelocityVer_mRate:
Schedule40
E-2FoamFrictionLosses(21/2、3,,4-,6、8-,and10-InchPipe)
136
36
E-3FoamFrictionLosses(12、14-,16-,18、20-,and24-InchPipe) 37
E-4susFoa
(212、3、4、6、8,10'12、anti14-InchPipe).*+ 3
E-5FoamVelocityVersusExpandedFoamRate:
Schedule40(14-,16,,and18-InchPipe) 38
E»6 FoamVelocityVersusExpandedFoamRate:
Schedule40(20-and24-InchPipe) 38
Tables
1 TypicalWaterSupplyRequirementsforFoamA}3plication
(250-Foot-DiameterTank)
B-lType,ofTankDesigninCaseHistories
v
COPYRIGHT2000AmericanPetroleumInstitute
InformationHandlingServices,2000
B-2CausesofLargeAbovegroundTankFires
B-3ExlenlofTankFireByTankDesign.
B-4ExtinguishmentofExternalFloating-RoofTanks
B-5ExtinguishmentofInterna]Floating-RoofTanks
E-1ApplicalionMeihixlforFixedChambersorMonitors...,
E-2 MinimumApplicationTimeandMinimumNumber
ofHoseSt
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