专四常考语法点汇总doc.docx
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专四常考语法点汇总doc.docx
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专四常考语法点汇总doc
语法与词汇专项
语法核心考点一:
从属分句
复合句=主句+从句(1个或1个以上)
要点1从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分,以语法功能作为分类标准,从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句(即定语从句)和名词性从句。
其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等;名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
要点2状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上;关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别;名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。
一状语从句
状语从句真题剖析:
1
Nineistothree_____threeistoone.(2008,53)
A.when
B.that
C.which
D.what
2
______hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadto
staybehindtofinishhisassignment.(2008,55)
A.MuchthoughB.Muchas
C.Asmuch
D.Thouthmuch
3
Mendifferfromanimals____theycanthinkandspeak.(2008,54)
A.forwhich
B.forthat
C.inthat
D.inwhich
4
Theystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyas____.(2008,
60)
A.itcouldbe
B.couldbe
C.itwas
D.was
5
Thecouple
hadnosoonergotto
the
station
______thecoachleft.
(2009,
60)
A.when
B.as
C.until
D.than
6
____the
bosssays,it
is
unreasonable
to
askmetoworkovertime
without
pay.(2010,55)
A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However
7Fool____Jerryis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.
A.whoB.asC.likeD.that
8Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,___thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.(2005)
A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyif9WhichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcauseA.IgotajobassoonasIleftuniversity.B.Astherewasonanswer,Iwroteagain.
C.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.
D.Wealthyasheis,Markisnotahappyman.
状语从句重点总结:
(一)条件状语从句:
表示条件或假设,通常由以下连词或结构引导:
If如果
unless如果不;除非
aslongas只要
solongas
只要
onconditionthat条件是
intheeventthat
如果,在的情
况下
provided/providingthat
假如
giventhat
如果
suppose/supposingthat
假如
assuming(that)
假如
say假如
★特别提醒
几种不常用的条件状语从句举例:
Intheeventthatshecannotarriveontime,wewillgofirst.
Supposeitsnowed,wewouldstillgo.
Saywhathesaidweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit
(二)让步状语从句:
含有“虽然,尽管,即使”之意,主要引导词有:
though/although
虽然
evenif/eventhough
即使
nomatter+
疑问词
无论
疑问词+ever
无论
inspiteofthefactthat
尽管
while
尽管
muchas
不管尽管
forallthat
尽管
as/though
granted/granting(that)
虽然,尽
管
★特别提醒
1.几种不常用的让步状语从句举例:
Inspiteofthefactthathewasdeafanddumb,hehadageniusformusic.
Whilethegrandparentslovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem.
Muchassheneededthejob,shehadtorefuse.
Forallthattherewerealotofdifficulties,hefinallyenteredthefinal
competitionandwon.
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
2.用了although
或though,就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用
but,但是
though可以和yet
连用。
Althoughtheywereverytired,buttheystillworking.(true/false)
Thoughtheywereverytired,yettheystillworking.(true/false)
3.nomatter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,可用疑问词
+ever来引导
主语从句和宾语从句。
Nomatterwhathesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)
Whateverhesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)
Theoldmanbelievesnomatterwhathissontellshim(true/false)
Theoldmanbelieveswhateverhissontellshim(true/false)
4.as/though引导的让步状语从句如果有强调的部分,通常将强调的部分置于句首。
Youngashewas/Childashewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
=Youngthoughhewas/Childthoughhewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
=Thoughhewasyoung/Thoughhewasachild,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
注意:
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,though引导的可以倒装也可以不倒装。
5.forall(that)表示让步概念,“that”可以省略,相当于“inspiteof”
或“inspiteofthefactthat”,其后可接短语或从句。
Forallthefinewordshemaysaytoyourface,hedoesnotlikeyouatheart.
Forall(that)yousay,hewillnotchangehismind.
(三)时间状语从句:
表示时间关系,引导词主要有以下:
表示“当的时候”when,while,as,justas,nesttime,thelasttime,eachtime,every
time,whenever
表示时间先后
before,after
表示“一就”
Assoon
as,
once,
hardly
when/before,
scarecelywhen/before,
no
soonerthan,
directly,
immediately,
instantly,
the
moment/second/minute,
其他时间
Bythetime(
到的时候),itis
thefirst/second
time,not
until(直到才),eversince
(自从)
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的时间状语从句
Theywentintoactiondirectly/immediately/instantly/themomenttheyheardthealarm.
2几种需要用完成时态的时间状语从句
BythetimeIgotthere,theyhadleftfortheairport.
ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.
ItwasthesecondtimethatIhadvisitedChina.
Hehadhardlyescapedwhen/beforehewascaptured.
Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.
IhavebeenlivingthereallthetimesinceImovedtherein1992.
3否定词置于句首时注意倒装
Hardlyhadheescapedwhenhewascapured.
NosoonerhadIreachedtherethanitbegantorain.
4when引导时间状语从句,如果出现在后半句,可以表示“这时突然”之意。
Iwasalmosthurtwhenthebuscametoasuddenstop.
5表示时间先后的连词before可表示条件意义,译作“只有/必须才能”
Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(四)比较状语从句:
可分为同级比较和不同级比较,同级比较通常由
as引导,
不同级比较通常由
than
引导。
注意几种特殊引导形式:
themore/less
themore/less
越,越
justas
so
正如,也
AistoBwhat/asCistoD
A
之于
B就如
C之于
D一样
AsAistoB,(so)CistoD
正如
A之于
B,C也之于D
no(notany)more
than
与都不
no(notany)less
than
与一样都
notsomuch
as
与其说不如说
★特别提醒
1几种不常用比较状语从句
YouwereontimeandsowasI.(
注意用倒装结构)
Foodistomen
what/asoilistomachine.
Asfoodisimportanttomen,
so
oilistomachine.
Heis
nomoreateacher
thanweare.
Heis
noless
ateacher
thanweare.
Itis
notsomuchtheactualpopulation
oftheworldasitsrateofincrease
thatcatchesmyattention.
Thesecretofsuccessis
notsomuch
moneyasastrongwill.
2注意比较状语从句中的省略结构,尤其需要注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动
词的单复数及动词时态。
Hehaspaidmoremoneythanhasbeenestimatedbefore.
(五)原因状语从句
主要引导词有:
as
since
because
nowthat
considering(that)
鉴于,顾及到
seeingthat
鉴于
inas/somuchas
notbecause
butbecause
inthat
因为,在于
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的时间状语从句
Consideringthattheshoesarehand-made,thepriceisreasonable.
Seeingthathewasreallyupset,wedecidedtoleavehimalone.
Athoroughphysicalexaminationisimportantinas/somuchasitserves
toreassurethepatient.
Critismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpspeopletofind
andcorrecttheirmistakes.
2becausesince
as
for
Because
why
Sincebecauseassince
For
as
(just)as
so
asif
asthough
theway
1
Justaswateristofish,soairistoman
Treatothersthewayyouwantotherstreatyou.
(
)
Sothat
Suchthat
Withtheresultthat
Somuchsothat
Tothedegreethat
Totheextentthat
1
Alanlikeshamburgerssomuchsothatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.
ThebadnewsupsetmetothedegreethatIcouldnotfallintosleeplastnight.
2sothat结构中的so置于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。
Soabsorbedwasheinthenovelthathedidnotrealizeitwaseight
o’clockalready.
3注意结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。
目的状语从句的引导词,主要有that(以便),sothat(以便);inorderthat
(以便);forthepurposethat(以便);lest(以免);forfearthat(以
免);incase(以防);inthehopethat(以望)。
其中lest引导的目的状
语从句中使用虚拟语气。
Astrictsupervisionduringtheperiodiskeptlestthepatient(should)
developanyphysicalandemotionaleffects.
(八)地点状语从句
表示地点,主要由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere来引导。
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Whereverhegoes,hewillbearwhathismothersaysinhismind.Everywhereheshowedusaround,wesawgrenlawnsandbeautifulflowerbeds.
(九)对比状语从句
表示对比,主要由while或whereas来引导。
Thesolesareleather,whiletheuppersarecanvas.(鞋跟是皮的,而鞋
面是帆布的)
二关系从句(定语从句)
定语从句真题剖析
1Iwasveryinterestedin____shetoldme.(2009)
A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that
2Theparty,___Iwastheguestofhonor,wasextremely
enjoyable.
(2006)
A.bywhichB.forwhichC.towhichD.atwhich
定语从句重点小结:
1定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
名称
意义
结构特点
功能
引导词
限制性定语
对先行词起
紧跟先行
修饰先行词
所有关系代
从句
限定作用;
词,同先行
词或关系副
指特定的人
词之间没有
词
或物;不可
逗号隔开
省略,否则
影响句子的
完整性
非限制性定
对先行词作
跟在先行词
修饰先行词
Which,
语从句
补充性的说
后,用逗号
或整个句子
who,whom,
明;如果省
与主句隔开
as,介词
略,不影响
+which(不
句子的完整
能用that)
性
2关系代词和关系副词的用法
关系代词是用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词:
作用/功能
用于限制性或非限制性定语从句
只用于限制性定语从
句
代替人
代替物
代替人或物
主语
who
which
that
宾语
whom
which
that
定语
whose(=of
whom)
whose
(of
whom)
关系副词在定语从句中表示时间、地点或原因:
关系副词
被替代的先行词
在从句中的作用
When(=at,in,on,
表示时间的名词
时间状语
duringwhich)
Where(=in,atwhich)
表示地点的名词
地点状语
Why(=forwhich)
只有reason
原因状语
3不用that只用which的情况
(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.
(b)介词后不能用。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
限制性定语从句只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)当先行词是
anything,everything,nothing(something
除外),few,
all,
none,
little,
some等代词时,或者是由
every,
any,
all,
some,no,
little,few,much,each等修饰时
Haveyouta
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