高温超导磁悬浮轴承中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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高温超导磁悬浮轴承中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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高温超导磁悬浮轴承中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译
REVIEWONINTERNATIONALRESEARCHSTATEONHIGHTEMPERATUREACTIVEMAGNETICBEARING
Radialactivemagneticbearing(AMB)isatypicalsysteminmagneticsuspensionfield.Theactivemagneticbearingcansupportarotorwithoutcontactbyusingelectromagneticforce.Withtheadvantageofunlubricated,littleoilcontaminated,longlife-spanandtheadaptabilityofvariousenvironment,AMBiswidelyused.SotheresearchonAMBismoreandmorefurther.Itisreasonabletodesignthestructureofactivemagneticbearingproperlyfortheimprovementofitsperformance.BasedonfiniteelementanalysissoftwareCOMSOLMultiphysics,thesimulationofAMBisstudiedwhilethesuspendingforceofAMBiscalculated.First,webuiltupadynamicparametermodel,sowecananalyzethemagneticfielddistributionandmagneticforceatanarbitrarysize.Thenwediscussedsomeelementwhichaffectmagneticfieldsuchascoilcurrent,airgap,polewidthandrotorbiasundertwoworkingmode.ThentheoptimizationprocessofAMBmodelispresentedonthebasisofoptimizationsoftwareiSIGHTtogetherwithCOMSOL,duringwhichtheAMBmodeliscalledautomaticallybyiSIGHT.WeusedsequentialquadraticprogrammingmethodandtheresultshowsthatthecombinationofCOMSOLMultiphysicsandiSIGHTsoftwareisaconvenientandeffectivemethodforthesimulationandoptimizationofAMBsystem.Atlast,weusedPIDcontrollertorealizetheclose-loopcontrolonsingledegreeoffreedomAMBsystem,andanalyzetheperformanceofPIDcontrollerwiththesimulationresultonSimulink.Throughtheresearchabove,wefinishthedesignofthewholeactivemagneticbearingsystem.TheresearchresultprovidesafeasiblemethodfortheanalysisandoptimizationofAMBsystem,whichwillbeusefulfortheengineeringapplication.
Inthepastfewyears,theaviationindustryhasbeengrowingcontinuously,butthemarketisverycompetitiveisalwaysnecessary.Hightemperatureactivemagneticbearingholdgreatpromiseforimprovingjetturbineengine,andthusreducingmaintenancecostandkeroseneconsumption.Inthatgoal,lotsofresearchhasbeenperformedabouthightemperatureactivemagneticbearinganditscomponents(likesoftmagneticmaterial,insulationcoils···).Thisarticlepresentsthedevelopmentofresearchinthisfield,itshistory,itsstateanditsoutlook.
Theaviationmarketisnowadaysgrowingcontinuously.Inordertosustainitsdevelopment,thismarkethasaconstantneedoftechnicalimprovementstoimprovecompetitiveness.
Today,virtuallyallaircraft’sjetenginesuselubricatedballbearings.Thissystemsuffersfromdiversedrawbacklikethenecessityofacomplexcoolingsystemthatweighsdownthejetengineandlimitsitsworkingtemperature.
Activemagneticbearingshavebeensuccessfullyusedfordecadesinnumerousapplications.Theyhaveshowngreatcapacitiestoworkinextremeconditions,suchasvacuumorathighrotationspeed.Theideaistoreplacetheconventionalbearingsinjetenginesbymagneticbearings.
Inthe90s,themajorityofmagneticbearingswereworkingundercommontemperature(lessthan100℃).Injetengines,thecurrentworkingtemperatureisabout260℃,thusprovingfeasibilityofmagneticbearingsforjetenginesapplicationwasrequired.Inthesametimeresearchwereperformedonsoftmagneticmaterialforhightemperatureapplications,theproofoffeasibilityofmagneticbearingworkingat550℃wasdonebyXuLongxiang.
Usinghightemperatureactivemagneticbearingmaysignificantlyimprovethejetengines.
Firstthistechnologywillallowoperatingatmuchhigherspeedsandtemperatures(upto550℃),openingspacefordesignofmorepowerfuljetengines.SinceAMBarenon-con-tactbearings,thereisnomoreneedforlubricant.Removingthelubricantsystemwillmakethesystemmorefire-safe(nopossibleoilemissions)andalsoimprovetheweightoftheengine(upto5%less).This,addedtotheeliminationoffrictionlosses,willhavedirectinfluenceonthekeroseneconsumption.
Theobjectiveofthisarticleistopresenttherecentdevelopmentonhightemperaturemagneticbearing.
Thedevelopmentofhightemperaturemagneticforjetengineapplicationincludesdiverseresearchproject,withthreemainprojects.
In1997,Kondoleonhasbeenstudyingsoftmagneticalloysforhightemperatureradialmagneticbearings.XuLongxianghasthendemonstratedthefeasibilityofanactivemagneticbearingworkingat540℃andinvestigatehightemperaturedisplacementsensor.In2000,Mekhichebrieflydescribedthedesign,fabrication,andtestingofahigh-temperaturemagneticbearingoperatingat50000rpm.In2003,Montaguehasworkedonaprototypeofhightemperatureactivemagneticbearinganddevelopacoilfabricationprocess.In2006,Burdethasdevelopedafirst5degreeoffreedomhightemperatureactivemagneticbearingandinvestigateaneddycurrentpositionsensorusingthick-filmtechnology.
Thethreemainprojectsthathavebeeninvestigatinghightemperatureactivemagneticbearingare:
-TheEuropeanprojectforActiveMagneticBearingsinAircraftTurbo-machinery(AMBIT)from1995to2000,
-AprojectofDesignandFabricationofHigh-TemperatureRadialMagneticBearingforTurboMachinerybytheNASAfrom2000,
-TheEuropeanresearchprojectMagFly-ActiveMagneticBearingforTurboMachineryfrom2002to2006.
TheobjectivesofAMBITweretoinvestigateandtodemonstratethefeasibilityofanactivemagneticbearingthatworksattemperaturesupto540℃.Aone-degree-of-freedomhightemperatureAMBrigwasbuiltaswellasafive-degree-of-freedomprototypewithahightemperatureradialbearing.
Hereisthetestrigforahightemperatureactivemagneticbearing,operatinginacontainmentheatedupto550℃andrunningat30000rpm.
GlennH.ResearchcenterworkspresentlyonahightemperatureAMB.Itisahightemperature,heteropolar,radialmagneticbearingcomposedofasingleradialbearinglocatedatthecenterofashaftmountedonballbearings.Ithasbeenoperatedfor29hoursat540℃during18thermalcyclesonMay2003.
Thisprojecthasbeencreatedwiththegoalofdevelopingasmartjetengineusingmagneticbearings.PartofitwastodevelopanAMBprototypeworkingathightemperature.
Forthisproject,LucBurdethasdevelopedthefirst5degreeoffreedomhightemperatureactivemagneticbearing.Ithasbeenrunningatenvironmenttemperaturesupto550℃.
Duringhisthesis,hehasimplementedandvalidatedamodularfiniteelementsthermalmodelwithlowcomputationtimeforhightemperatureAMBs.Hehasalsodevelopedathick-filmlowcosteddycurrentpositionsensorfor550℃applicationsandtestedmaterialsforthedesignofhightemperatureelectromechanicalsystemhavebeentested.Inaddition,ananalysisoffailuresrelatedtohightemperaturehasbeendoneandillustrated.
WhiletheAMBsdevelopedinAMBITsatisfiedtherequirements,problemswereencounteredwithoverheatingandcoilshortcircuits.ThoseproblemshavebeenpartiallyresolvedbyMontague,whichhasdevelopedacoilmanufacturingprocess.Inthisprocess,inordertoreducethedifficultyofwoundingthecoilsontheback-ironcore,choicehasbeenmadenottousestatorlaminationlegdesignedasonecontinuousring.Instead,amodulardesignwhereeachmodulecontainstwopolesin“C”shapehasbeenchosen.Thewireiswoundonbothpolescontinuously,eliminatingmanyconnections.ThematerialusedforthestatorlaminationsisHiperco50(thecommonlyusedsiliconsteelcannotbechosenherebecauseitsCurietemperatureistoolow),while99.9-percent-pureannealedsilverwirewaschosen.Wireinsulationiscriticalpointforhightemperatureactuators.Itrequirementsarethefollowing:
agoodthermalconductor,flexible,compactandsupportingtemperaturesupto800℃.Itmustprotecttheconductintegrityandkeepfromcrackingorflakeoff.Itmustalsohavegoodtoughnessandscratchresistancetoavoidturn-to-turnshort-circuit.Finally,theauthorsusedacommerciallyavailable,two–compound,clearceramiccoating.Attheend,thecoilwindingsareencapsulatedandbondedwithanaluminabasedceramicpottingcompound.
Anothercriticalpointofthehightemperaturemagneticbearingisthedevelopmentofareliablepositionsensor.Commonsensorscannotbeusedbecauseoftheinfluenceoftemperatureonmaterialproperties.ThisproblemhasbeenstudiedbyBurdetwhichhasdevelopedaneddycurrentpositionsensorusingthick-filmtechnology.Theobjectivewastofindaworkingsolutionfor550℃.SmallinductorshavebeenprintedonAl2O3substrates.Aconductinglayerisprintedasinsulation.Asecondconductinglayeristhenprinted.Bothconductinglayersareconnectedtogetherinthecentreofthecoil.Inthecaseradialsensor,thesensitivityisdirectlyrelatedtotheinductor.
Aprototypesensorofsilverwith200μmtrackwidth,withsilverwiresandsilverpastewireconnectionshasbeentested.Testshaveshownthatafter600hoursinafurnaceat550℃thesensorinductanceandresistancesufferverylittlechanges.However,problemhasarisenduetosilvermigration.Sensorshavetobeconnectedtoleadingwires,andthatpointismuchmorecritical,withdendritesaregrowingquitefastbetweenthetwoconnectorpadsathightemperature,andthuscreatingshortcircuit.Solutionstoslowdownthiseffecthavebeentested.Whilecoveringtheconductorlayerandthesolderingwithadielectric,sensorsarestillworkingafter700hoursat600℃.
Thesensingprincipleoftheradialsensorisbasedontwoplanarcoilspastedonasubstrate.Theexcitationcoilembracestherotor.ItissuppliedwithanACcurrentsourceinordertocreateahighfrequencymagneticfield.Eddycu
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