Lecture 82.docx
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Lecture 82.docx
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Lecture82
April28,2011
Lecture8
Education
(2)
HigherlearningstageinU.S.A.
Variousformsofeducation
Primary/elementarySchools
Grammarandhighschools
Public(stateowned)/privateCollegeorUniversity
Vocationalhighereducation-communitycollege
LifetimestudyinU.S.A.
InU.S.everyonemuststudyforlifetimewithoutagelimittokeepintouchwiththechanginglifearoundhim/her.Americansareproudofthefactthatthewindowofknowledgeisneverclosedforthenation’scitizens.
Studyingabroad
Studyingabroadbringsmanyadvantagesaswellasmanynewexperiences.Manyaspectsofuniversitylifearevastlydifferenttothoseinastudent’scountryoforigin.Conditions,academicexpectationsandrequirements,sociallifeandstudyscheduleallcanbeafarcryfromwhatstudentshavealreadyexperiencedathome.
Beingawareofandunderstandingsomeofthemaindifferencescanmeanthattheculturalshockislessenedandthatitiseasiertoadjusttonewwaysofstudy.
Americanuniversity
Americanuniversitieshavenoentranceexam.Abachelor’sdegreerequiresabout36courses.Everycoursethatstudenttakeisgivencertaincredits.Whenhe/shegetstherequiredcredits,he/shereceivesBachelor’sdegree.
Degreesystem
Bachelor
ItusuallytakesfouryearstocompletethecoursesrequiredforaBachelorofArtsorBachelorofScience(B.A.)degree.
Master
AMasterofArtsorMasterofscience(M.A)needsoneortwoadditionalyearsofstudy.
Doctor
Doctorofphilosophy(PH.D.)maytakeanynumberofyearstocomplete.
Collegegrades(evaluation)system
Collegegrades,fromhighesttolowest,runA,B,C,D,F.(equalto5,4,3,2,1)
A-:
4.8—4.4,
B+:
4.5—4.1,
B:
4,
B-:
3.8—3.4,
C+:
3.5—3.1,
C:
3
Generallyspeaking,youmusthaveyouraveragescoreaboveCthatyouhavethechancetokeepyourrighttostudyatcollege.Tohavethequalificationtoapplyscholarship,youmusthaveyouraverageaboveB+.
AnFisafailinggrade;ifastudentreceivesanF,hedoesnotgetcredit.Collegestudentsmustmaintainatleastalowcaverageinordertoremaininschool.
Financialsourcesforstudents:
1.Loanfromgovernment
2.(student)Scholarship
3.Supportthemselves
Attitudestowardseducation
Americansasawholeshowsmuchrespectforeducation,althoughteachersarenotamongthehighestpaidinthecountry.
Alltraffic,forexample,hastostopandmakewayforschoolbus.
Studyapproach
Forsomestudents,thebiggestdifferenceisthewayofstudy,andwithlessemphasisonteacher’sinput,agreaterexpectationforstudentstobemoreindependentintheirthinking,especiallyintheapplicationofcriticalanalysis.
Westerneducation,fromtheearlystagestroughtopost-graduatestudy,encouragesthestudenttoanalyze,constructivelycriticizeandtoprovidealternatives.Thatrequiresaspecialsetofskillsand,whencombinedwithproblemsolvingskills,itbecomesobviousthatstudentswhostudyoverseasmustlearnnewskillsandapplythemtosurviveinthecompetitiveworldofacademicstudy.
Oftentheoverseasstudentisstrongatmemorizationbut,byandlarge,rote(死记硬背)learningisregardedasarelativelybasicskillinwesterneducationsystems.Thereisagreateremphasisontheneedforcriticalthinkingandstudentswhointendtostudyabroadshouldensurethattheircriticalthinkingandanalyticalskillarewelldeveloped.
Studyschedule
Inmanysenses,forbothundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentstherearesignificantdifferencesinthearrangementsforstudyatawestern-styleuniversity.
Themaindifferences:
1.Thereisagreatvarietyofsubjectstochoosefrom.Thismeansthatcarefulresearchshouldbedoneastowhatsubjectsshouldbechoseneachterm/semester.
2.Itispossibletochangecoursesbutthatisusuallyonlypossiblewithinafewweeksoncethetermhasstarted.
3.Therearefewerlecturestoattendperweek(e.g.threeseparatehoursforonecourse).
4.Attendanceisexpectedbutnotchecked(arollisnotusuallytakenforlectures)–itistheresponsibilityofthestudent,whoasanadult,mustensurethattheappropriateworkiscompletedandknowledgelearned.
5.Studentsareexpectedtoquestionthelecturerandeventodebateissues.
6.Thereislessorganizationofstudents.Inmanycountries,studentscomeandgoastheyplease.Thereislessobligationforthemtobeataparticularplaceataparticulartime.
7.Studentsareexpectedtocompleteassignmentsandessaysthroughtheirownstudyanddiscover,hencetheyneedtospend“free”(non-lecture)timeinthelibrary.
Seminarwork
Seminarpresentationsarethemaintypeoflearningapproachusedforpost-graduatestudentsatwesternuniversity.Usuallyseminarslastfortwo/threehoursandateachone,astudentorstudentspresentawell-researchedpaperanddiscussaspectsandissues.Soundpresentationskillsarenecessary.
Inrecenttime,groupresearchandgrouppresentationshavebecomeafeatureofpost-graduatestudy.
Approachesregardingthepaper:
1.Sometimesthepaperisrequiredtobehandedouttotheseminarparticipantstwoweeksinadvance.Thisallowstimeforthestudentstoresearchthetopicandespeciallystudythereferencethatthepresenterhasusedforthepaper.
2.Atothertimesthepaperishandedoutatthebeginningoftheseminar.Referenceismadetoitastheseminarproceeds.
3.Thepaperishandedinforassessment.Assessment,however,isonlyonepartoftheevaluation.Theotherpartistheactualpresentation.
4.Itisimportanttonotethatthepaperisusuallynotreadtotheparticipants-thatistooeasy.
Extensionsoftimeforassignments
Sometimesitisnecessarytoaskforanextensionoftimetohandintheassignments.Ingeneral,tutorsandprofessorsareunderstanding,butthereasonshouldbesubstantial.
Iftherearequestionsaboutthecourseoranyoftheassignments,itiswisetomakeanappointmenttotalkwiththetutororthepersoninchargeofthecourse.Donotletproblemsride–fixthemearly.
Theissueofplagiarism
Plagiarismorunauthorizedcopyingofotherpeople’sworkisfrowneduponinwesternacademicinstitutions.Someoverseasstudentsencountersomeproblems,mostlybecauseofmisunderstanding.Oftenitismerelyaculturaldifferenceinthatsomestudentsintheiroriginalcountriesareexpectedtousetheideasofcertainauthorsandacknowledgementisunderstoodbutnotstatedinwriting.
Inessence,itisexpectedthatstudentswillusetheirownideas.Iftheideascomefromaparticularauthor,itisvitalthattheauthorisacknowledged.Thisshouldbedoneevenifthewordsoftheoriginalauthorhavebeenchanged.
Severalformsofacknowledgement:
·adirectquotation
·anindirectquotation
·referringtotheauthor
·makinganendnote(orafootnote)
Itisadvisabletoreadanyoftheadvisorynotesaboutplagiarismpublishedbymostuniversities.Helpisusuallyavailable,especiallyforoverseasstudents.
Activitiesoncampus
Orientationweek--Atthebeginningoftheacademicyear,anorientationweekisheldatwhichthevariousclubsandsocietiesprovideactivitiesandopportunitiesforstudentstogaininformation.Itisdefinitelyworththeexperienceanditisausefulwayofparticipatingintheactivitiesoftheweek.
Students’Union--Inmosttertiaryinstitutions,theStudents’Unionisasourceofhelpandinformation.Studentsareexpectedtotakeadvantageofthevariousservicestheunionoffers,sinceallstudentspayafeefortheunionwhentheyenroll.Thestudents’unioncanprovideinformationrangingfromstudytopersonalmatters.Theycandirectyoutoappropriatecontactsandassistwithbasicissues.
Studentsclubs--Therearemanyclubs,associations,sportingandentertainmentactivitiesoncampus.Theseareagreatwaytosocializeandtomakefriendsanditisusefultojoinatleastone.Itdoeshelptokeepthebalancewhenstudyinghard.
Someadvices:
Ifindoubt,ask--Manyaspectsofstudyabroadaredifferentandsomeoftherequirementscanbeconfusing.Thebestruletoapplyisaskwhenyoudon’tknow.
Secretariesorreceptionistsofadepartmentarealwaysanexcellentresourcesincetheyusuallyhaveagoodunderstandingofwhatgoesoninadepartment.AnotherusefulsourceistheStudents’Union,wherestudentsoftengoforinformationconcerningalltypesofissues.
Tutorscansometimesassistifthematterrelatestoanaspectofstudyoracourse,butitisoftendifficulttofindtutorsandprofessors.
Itisalsocommonpracticetoaskastudentforassistance.Inmostcases,studentsaretheonewhoknowthedetailsof“what”,“where”,and“who”andtheyarehappytosharetheinformation.Itisoftenausefulwayofmakingfriends.
Independence--Thestyleofstudyisdifferentinsomanyrespectsinwesterncountries.Studentsareexpectedtobefarmoreindependentintheirlearningandstudy.
Therelianceontextbooksisminimaland
wide,independentreadingandresearchisnecessary.
Readinglistsareusuallyprovidedandstudentsarerequiredtolocateandreadthematerial.Hence,soundlibraryskillsareanessential.
Mostuniversitylibrariesprovideexplanatorytoursatthebeginningoftheacademicyearandthesecanbeasourceofvaluableinformationforthenewcomer.
Independentthinkingrequirescriticalanalysisandforsomestudentsitisdifficulttounderstandthatcriticalthinkingrequiresadifferentsetofskills.Toexercisecriticalanalysisisnotnecessarilytobenegative.Rather,byapplyingcriticalthinkingistosharpen,modifyandmakeaconceptoranideaevenbetter.Westerneducationencouragesconstructivecriticismandthereforestudentsareexpectednoto
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